Dhammacakkappavattanasuttavaṇṇanā

13.Dveme, bhikkhave, antāti dve ime, bhikkhave, koṭṭhāsā, dve bhāgāti attho. Bhāgavacano hettha anta-saddo ‘‘pubbante ñāṇaṃ aparante ñāṇa’’ntiādīsu (dha. sa. 1063) viya. Imassa pana padassa uccāraṇasamakālaṃ pavattanigghoso buddhānubhāvena heṭṭhā avīciṃ upari bhavaggaṃ patvā dasasahassilokadhātuṃ pharitvā aṭṭhāsi. Tasmiṃyeva samaye paripakkakusalamūlā saccābhisambodhāya katādhikārā aṭṭhārasakoṭisaṅkhā brahmāno samāgacchiṃsu. Pacchimadisāya sūriyo atthameti, pācīnadisāya āsāḷhanakkhattena yutto puṇṇacando uggacchati. Tasmiṃ samaye bhagavā dhammacakkappavattanasuttaṃ ārabhanto ‘‘dveme, bhikkhave, antā’’tiādimāha.

Tattha pabbajitenāti gihibandhanaṃ chetvā pabbajjupagatena. Na sevitabbāti na vaḷañjetabbā nānuyuñjitabbā. Yo cāyaṃ kāmesu kāmasukhallikānuyogoti yo ca ayaṃ vatthukāmesu kilesakāmasukhassa anuyogo, kilesakāmasaṃyuttassa sukhassa anugatoti attho. Hīnoti lāmako. Gammoti gāmavāsīnaṃ santako tehi sevitabbatāya. Pothujjanikoti puthujjanena andhabālajanena āciṇṇo. Anariyoti na ariyo na visuddho na uttamo, na vā ariyānaṃ santako. Anatthasaṃhitoti na atthasaṃhito, hitasukhāvahakāraṇaṃ anissitoti attho. Attakilamathānuyogoti attano kilamathassa anuyogo, dukkhakaraṇaṃ dukkhuppādananti attho. Dukkhoti kaṇṭakāpassayaseyyādīhi attabādhanehi dukkhāvaho. Majjhimā paṭipadāti ariyamaggaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ. Maggo hi kāmasukhallikānuyogo eko anto, attakilamathānuyogo eko anto, ete dve ante na upeti na upagacchati, vimutto etehi antehi, tasmā ‘‘majjhimā paṭipadā’’ti vuccati. Etesaṃ majjhe bhavattā majjhimā, vaṭṭadukkhanissaraṇatthikehi paṭipajjitabbato ca paṭipadāti, tathā lobho eko anto, doso eko anto. Sassataṃ ekaṃ antaṃ, ucchedo eko antoti purimanayeneva vitthāretabbaṃ.

Cakkhukaraṇītiādīhi tameva paṭipadaṃ thometi. Paññācakkhuṃ karotīti cakkhukaraṇī. Sā hi catunnaṃ saccānaṃ dassanāya saṃvattati pariññābhisamayādibhedassa dassanassa pavattanaṭṭhenāti ‘‘cakkhukaraṇī’’ti vuccati. Tayidaṃ satipi paṭipadāya anaññatte avayavavasena sijjhamāno attho samudāyena kato nāma hotīti upacāravasena vuttanti daṭṭhabbaṃ. Dutiyapadaṃ tasseva vevacanaṃ. Upasamāyāti kilesupasamatthāya. Abhiññāyāti catunnaṃ saccānaṃ abhijānanatthāya. Sambodhāyāti tesaṃyeva sambujjhanatthāya. Nibbānāyāti nibbānasacchikiriyāya. Atha vā nibbānāyāti anupādisesanibbānāya. ‘‘Upasamāyā’’ti hi iminā saupādisesanibbānaṃ gahitaṃ.

Idāni taṃ majjhimappaṭipadaṃ sarūpato dassetukāmo ‘‘katamā ca sā’’ti pucchitvā ‘‘ayamevā’’tiādinā nayena vissajjesi. Tattha ayamevāti avadhāraṇavacanaṃ aññassa nibbānagāmimaggassa atthibhāvapaṭisedhanatthaṃ. Sattāpaṭikkhepo hi idha paṭisedhanaṃ alabbhamānattā aññassa maggassa. Ariyoti kilesānaṃ ārakattā ariyo niruttinayena. Aripahānāya saṃvattatītipi ariyo arayo pāpadhammā yanti apagacchanti etenāti katvā. Ariyena bhagavatā desitattā ariyassa ayantipi ariyo, ariyabhāvappaṭilābhāya saṃvattatītipi ariyo. Ettha pana ariyakaro ariyotipi uttarapadalopena ariya-saddasiddhi veditabbā. Aṭṭhahi aṅgehi upetattā aṭṭhaṅgiko. Maggaṅgasamudāye hi maggavohāro, samudāyo ca samudāyīhi samannāgato nāma hoti. Ayaṃ panettha vacanattho – attano avayavabhūtāni aṭṭhaṅgāni etassa santīti aṭṭhaṅgikoti. Paramatthato pana aṅgāniyeva maggo pañcaṅgikatūriyādīni viya, na ca aṅgavinimutto chaḷaṅgo vedo viya. Kilese mārento gacchatīti maggo niruttinayena, nibbānaṃ maggati gavesatīti vā maggo. Ariyamaggo hi nibbānaṃ ārammaṇaṃ karonto gavesanto viya hoti. Nibbānatthikehi maggīyatīti vā maggo vivaṭṭūpanissayapuññakaraṇato paṭṭhāya tadatthapaṭipattito. Gammati vā tehi paṭipajjīyatīti maggo. Ettha pana ādiantavipariyāyena saddasiddhi veditabbā.

Seyyathidanti nipāto, tassa katamo so iti ceti attho, katamāni vā tāni aṭṭhaṅgānīti. Sabbaliṅgavibhattivacanasādhāraṇo hi ayaṃ nipāto. Ekamekampi aṅgaṃ maggoyeva. Yathāha ‘‘sammādiṭṭhi maggo ceva hetu cā’’ti (dha. sa. 1039). Porāṇāpi bhaṇanti ‘‘dassanamaggo sammādiṭṭhi, abhiniropanamaggo sammāsaṅkappo…pe… avikkhepamaggo sammāsamādhī’’ti. Nanu ca aṅgāni samuditāni maggo antamaso sattaṅgavikalassa ariyamaggassa abhāvatoti? Saccametaṃ saccasampaṭivedhe, maggappaccayatāya pana yathāsakaṃ kiccakaraṇena paccekampi tāni maggoyeva, aññathā samuditānampi tesaṃ maggakiccaṃ na sambhaveyyāti. Sammādiṭṭhiādīsu sammā passatīti sammādiṭṭhi, sammā saṅkappeti sampayuttadhamme nibbānasaṅkhāte ārammaṇe abhiniropetīti sammāsaṅkappo, sammā vadati etāyāti sammāvācā, sammā karoti etenāti sammākammaṃ, tadeva sammākammanto, sammā ājīvati etenāti sammāājīvo, sammā vāyamati ussahatīti sammāvāyāmo, sammā sarati anussaratīti sammāsati, sammā samādhiyati cittaṃ etenāti sammāsamādhīti evaṃ nibbacanaṃ veditabbaṃ. Idāni ayaṃ kho sā bhikkhaveti tameva paṭipadaṃ nigamento āha. Tassattho – yvāyaṃ cattāropi lokuttaramagge ekato katvā kathito aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo, ayaṃ kho sā bhikkhave…pe… nibbānāya saṃvattatīti.

14. Evaṃ majjhimapaṭipadaṃ sarūpato dassetvā idāni cattāri ariyasaccāni dassetuṃ ‘‘idaṃ kho pana, bhikkhave’’tiādimāha. Tattha (visuddhi. 2.530) dukkhanti ettha du-iti ayaṃ saddo kucchite dissati. Kucchitañhi puttaṃ ‘‘duputto’’ti vadanti, khaṃ-saddo pana tucche. Tucchañhi ākāsaṃ ‘‘kha’’nti vuccati. Idañca paṭhamasaccaṃ kucchitaṃ anekaupaddavādhiṭṭhānato, tucchaṃ bālajanaparikappitadhuvasubhasukhattabhāvavirahitato, tasmā kucchitattā tucchattā ca ‘‘dukkha’’nti vuccati. Yasmā panetaṃ buddhādayo ariyā paṭivijjhanti, tasmā ‘‘ariyasacca’’nti vuccati. Ariyapaṭivijjhitabbañhi saccaṃ purimapade uttarapadalopena ‘‘ariyasacca’’nti vuttaṃ. Ariyassa tathāgatassa saccantipi ariyasaccaṃ. Tathāgatena hi sayaṃ adhigatattā paveditattā tato eva ca aññehi adhigamanīyattā taṃ tassa hotīti. Atha vā etassa abhisambuddhattā ariyabhāvasiddhito ariyasādhakaṃ saccantipi ariyasaccaṃ pubbe viya uttarapadalopena . Avitathabhāvena vā araṇīyattā adhigantabbattā ariyaṃ saccantipi ariyasaccaṃ. Saccatthaṃ pana catunnampi saccānaṃ parato ekajjhaṃ dassayissāma.

Idāni taṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ sarūpato dassetuṃ ‘‘jātipi dukkhā’’tiādimāha. Tatrāyaṃ jāti-saddo anekattho. Tathā hesa ‘‘ekampi jātiṃ dvepi jātiyo’’ti (dī. ni. 1.31; ma. ni. 1.148) ettha bhave āgato. ‘‘Atthi, visākhe, nigaṇṭhā nāma samaṇajātī’’ti (a. ni. 3.71) ettha nikāye. ‘‘Jāti dvīhi khandhehi saṅgahitā’’ti (dhātu. 71) ettha saṅkhatalakkhaṇe. ‘‘Yaṃ mātukucchismiṃ paṭhamaṃ cittaṃ uppannaṃ paṭhamaṃ viññāṇaṃ pātubhūtaṃ, tadupādāya sāvassa jātī’’ti (mahāva. 124) ettha paṭisandhiyaṃ. ‘‘Sampatijāto, ānanda, bodhisatto’’ti (dī. ni. 2.31; ma. ni. 3.207) ettha pasūtiyaṃ. ‘‘Akkhitto anupakuṭṭho jātivādenā’’ti (dī. ni. 1.303) ettha kule. Svāyamidha gabbhaseyyakānaṃ paṭisandhito paṭṭhāya yāva mātukucchimhā nikkhamanaṃ, tāva pavattesu khandhesu, itaresaṃ paṭisandhikkhaṇesvevāti daṭṭhabbo. Ayampi ca pariyāyakathāva, nippariyāyato pana tattha tattha nibbattamānānaṃ sattānaṃ ye khandhā pātubhavanti, tesaṃ paṭhamapātubhāvo jāti nāma.

Kasmā panesā dukkhāti ce? Anekesaṃ dukkhānaṃ vatthubhāvato. Anekāni hi dukkhāni. Seyyathidaṃ – dukkhadukkhaṃ vipariṇāmadukkhaṃ saṅkhāradukkhaṃ paṭicchannadukkhaṃ appaṭicchannadukkhaṃ pariyāyadukkhaṃ nippariyāyadukkhanti. Tattha kāyikacetasikā dukkhā vedanā sabhāvato ca nāmato ca dukkhattā dukkhadukkhanti vuccati. Sukhā vedanā vipariṇāmadukkhuppattihetuto vipariṇāmadukkhaṃ. Upekkhā vedanā ceva sesā ca tebhūmakā saṅkhārā udayabbayapīḷitattā saṅkhāradukkhaṃ. Kaṇṇasūladantasūlarāgajapariḷāhadosajapariḷāhādikāyikacetasikā ābādhā pucchitvā jānitabbato upakkamassa ca apākaṭabhāvato paṭicchannadukkhaṃ. Dvattiṃsakammakāraṇādisamuṭṭhāno ābādho apucchitvāva jānitabbato upakkamassa ca pākaṭabhāvato appaṭicchannadukkhaṃ. Ṭhapetvā dukkhadukkhaṃ sesadukkhaṃ saccavibhaṅge āgataṃ jātiādi sabbampi tassa tassa dukkhassa vatthubhāvato pariyāyadukkhaṃ. Dukkhadukkhaṃ pana nippariyāyadukkhanti vuccati. Tatrāyaṃ jāti yaṃ taṃ bālapaṇḍitasuttādīsu (ma. ni. 3.246 ādayo) bhagavatāpi upamāvasena pakāsitaṃ āpāyikaṃ dukkhaṃ, yañca sugatiyampi manussaloke gabbhokkantimūlakādibhedaṃ dukkhaṃ uppajjati, tassa vatthubhāvato dukkhā. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Jāyetha no ce narakesu satto;

Tatthaggidāhādikamappasayhaṃ;

Labhetha dukkhaṃ na kuhiṃ patiṭṭhaṃ;

Iccāha dukkhāti munīdha jātiṃ.

‘‘Dukkhaṃ tiracchesu kasāpatoda-

Daṇḍābhighātādibhavaṃ anekaṃ;

Yaṃ taṃ kathaṃ tattha bhaveyya jātiṃ;

Vinā tahiṃ jāti tatopi dukkhā.

‘‘Petesu dukkhaṃ pana khuppipāsā-

Vātātapādippabhavaṃ vicittaṃ;

Yasmā ajātassa na tattha atthi;

Tasmāpi dukkhaṃ muni jātimāha.

‘‘Tibbandhakāre ca asayha sīte;

Lokantare yaṃ asuresu dukkhaṃ;

Na taṃ bhave tattha na cassa jāti;

Yato ayaṃ jāti tatopi dukkhā.

‘‘Yañcāpi gūthanarake viya mātu gabbhe;

Satto vasaṃ ciramato bahi nikkhamañca;

Pappoti dukkhamatighoramidampi natthi;

Jātiṃ vinā itipi jāti ayañhi dukkhā.

‘‘Kiṃ bhāsitena bahunā nanu yaṃ kuhiñci;

Atthīdha kiñcidapi dukkhamidaṃ kadāci;

Nevatthi jātivirahena yato mahesi;

Dukkhāti sabbapaṭhamaṃ imamāha jāti’’nti. (visuddhi. 2.541; vibha. aṭṭha. 191; mahāni. aṭṭha. 5; paṭi. ma. aṭṭha. 1.1.32-33);

Jarāpidukkhāti ettha pana duvidhā jarā saṅkhatalakkhaṇañca khaṇḍiccādisammato santatiyaṃ ekabhavapariyāpannakkhandhapurāṇabhāvo ca, sā idha adhippetā. Sā panesā jarā saṅkhāradukkhabhāvato ceva dukkhavatthuto ca dukkhā. Yañhi aṅgapaccaṅgasithilabhāvaindriyavikāravirūpatāyobbanavināsavīriyāvisādasatimativippavāsaparaparibhavādianekapaccayaṃ kāyikacetasikaṃ dukkhamuppajjati, jarā tassa vatthu. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Aṅgānaṃ sithilībhāvā, indriyānaṃ vikārato;

Yobbanassa vināsena, balassa upaghātato.

‘‘Vippavāsā satādīnaṃ, puttadārehi attano;

Appasādanīyato ceva, bhiyyo bālattapattiyā.

‘‘Pappoti dukkhaṃ yaṃ macco, kāyikaṃ mānasaṃ tathā;

Sabbametaṃ jarāhetu, yasmā tasmā jarā dukhā’’ti. (visuddhi. 2.542; vibha. aṭṭha. 192; mahāni. aṭṭha. 5; paṭi. ma. aṭṭha. 1.1.32-33);

Byādhipi dukkhoti idaṃ padaṃ vibhaṅge dukkhasaccaniddesapāḷiyaṃ na āgataṃ, teneva visuddhimaggepi dukkhasaccaniddese taṃ na uddhaṭaṃ, dhammacakkapavattanasuttantapāḷiyaṃyeva pana upalabbhati, tasmā tatthevimassa vacane aññattha ca avacane kāraṇaṃ vīmaṃsitabbaṃ.

Maraṇampi dukkhanti etthāpi duvidhaṃ maraṇaṃ saṅkhatalakkhaṇañca. Yaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ ‘‘jarāmaraṇaṃ dvīhi khandhehi saṅgahita’’nti (dhātu. 71). Ekabhavapariyāpannajīvitindriyappabandhavicchedo ca. Yaṃ sandhāya vuttaṃ ‘‘niccaṃ maraṇato bhaya’’nti (su. ni. 581; jā. 1.11.88), taṃ idha adhippetaṃ. Jātipaccayamaraṇaṃ upakkamamaraṇaṃ sarasamaraṇaṃ āyukkhayamaraṇaṃ puññakkhayamaraṇantipi tasseva nāmaṃ. Tayidaṃ dukkhassa vatthubhāvato dukkhanti veditabbaṃ. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Pāpassa pāpakammādi-nimittamanupassato;

Bhaddassāpasahantassa, viyogaṃ piyavatthukaṃ;

Mīyamānassa yaṃ dukkhaṃ, mānasaṃ avisesato.

‘‘Sabbesañcāpi yaṃ sandhi-bandhanacchedanādikaṃ;

Vitujjamānamammānaṃ, hoti dukkhaṃ sarīrajaṃ.

‘‘Asayhamappaṭikāraṃ, dukkhassetassidaṃ yato;

Maraṇaṃ vatthu tenetaṃ, dukkhamicceva bhāsita’’nti. (visuddhi. 2.543; vibha. aṭṭha. 193; mahāni. aṭṭha. 5; paṭi. ma. aṭṭha. 1.1.32-33);

Imasmiñca ṭhāne ‘‘sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsāpi dukkhā’’ti vibhaṅge dukkhasaccaniddese āgataṃ, idha pana taṃ natthi, tatthāpi kāraṇaṃ pariyesitabbaṃ.

Appiyehi sampayogo dukkhoti ettha appiyasampayogo nāma amanāpehi sattasaṅkhārehi samodhānaṃ. Sopi dukkhavatthuto dukkho. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Disvāva appiye dukkhaṃ, paṭhamaṃ hoti cetasi;

Tadupakkamasambhūta-matha kāye yato idha.

‘‘Tato dukkhadvayassāpi, vatthuto so mahesinā;

Dukkho vuttoti viññeyyo, appiyehi samāgamo’’ti.

Piyehi vippayogo dukkhoti ettha pana piyavippayogo nāma manāpehi sattasaṅkhārehi vinābhāvo. Sopi sokadukkhassa vatthuto dukkho. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Ñātidhanādiviyogā;

Sokasarasamappitā vitujjanti;

Bālā yato tatoyaṃ;

Dukkhoti mato piyavippayogo’’ti.

Yampicchaṃ na labhatīti ettha ‘‘aho vata mayaṃ na jātidhammā assāmā’’tiādīsu alabbhaneyyavatthūsu icchāva ‘‘yampicchaṃ na labhati, tampi dukkha’’nti vuttā, sāpi dukkhavatthuto dukkhā. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Taṃ taṃ patthayamānānaṃ, tassa tassa alābhato;

Yaṃ vighātamayaṃ dukkhaṃ, sattānaṃ idha jāyati.

‘‘Alabbhaneyyavatthūnaṃ, patthanā tassa kāraṇaṃ;

Yasmā tasmā jino dukkhaṃ, icchitālābhamabravī’’ti.

Saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhāti ettha pana yasmā indhanamiva pāvako, lakkhamiva paharaṇāni, gorūpaṃ viya ḍaṃsamakasādayo, khettamiva lāyakā, gāmaṃ viya gāmaghātakā, upādānakkhandhapañcakameva jātiādayo nānappakārehi vibādhentā tiṇalatādīni viya bhūmiyaṃ, pupphaphalapallavāni viya rukkhesu upādānakkhandhesuyeva nibbattanti, upādānakkhandhānañca ādidukkhaṃ jāti, majjhedukkhaṃ jarā, pariyosānadukkhaṃ maraṇaṃ, manorathavighātappattānañca icchāvighātadukkhaṃ icchitālābhoti evaṃ nānappakārato upaparikkhiyamānā upādānakkhandhāva dukkhāti yadetaṃ ekamekaṃ dassetvā vuccamānaṃ anekehipi kappehi na sakkā anavasesato vattuṃ, tasmā taṃ sabbampi dukkhaṃ ekajalabindumhi sakalasamuddajalarasaṃ viya yesu kesuci pañcupādānakkhandhesu saṅkhipitvā dassetuṃ ‘‘saṃkhittena pañcupādānakkhandhā dukkhā’’ti bhagavā avoca. Tenāhu porāṇā –

‘‘Jātippabhutikaṃ dukkhaṃ, yaṃ vuttamidha tādinā;

Avuttaṃ yañca taṃ sabbaṃ, vinā ete na vijjati.

‘‘Yasmā tasmā upādāna-kkhandhā saṅkhepato ime;

Dukkhāti vuttā dukkhanta-desakena mahesinā’’ti.

Evaṃ sarūpato dukkhasaccaṃ dassetvā idāni samudayasaccaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘idaṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, dukkhasamudaya’’ntiādimāha. Tattha saṃ-iti ayaṃ saddo ‘‘samāgamo sameta’’ntiādīsu saṃyogaṃ dīpeti, u-iti ayaṃ ‘‘uppannaṃ udita’’ntiādīsu uppattiṃ. Aya-saddo pana kāraṇaṃ dīpeti. Idañcāpi dutiyasaccaṃ avasesapaccayasamāyoge sati dukkhassuppattikāraṇanti dukkhassa saṃyoge uppattikāraṇattā ‘‘dukkhasamudaya’’nti vuccati. Yāyaṃ taṇhāti yā ayaṃ taṇhā. Ponobbhavikāti punabbhavakaraṇaṃ punabbhavo uttarapadalopena, punabbhavo sīlametissāti ponobbhavikā. Nandīrāgena sahagatāti nandīrāgasahagatā. Idaṃ vuttaṃ hoti ‘‘nandanato rajjanato ca nandīrāgabhāvaṃ sabbāsu avatthāsu appaccakkhāya vuttiyā nandīrāgasahagatā’’ti. Tatratatrābhinandinīti yatra yatra attabhāvo nibbattati, tatratatrābhinandinī.

Seyyathidanti nipāto, tassa sā katamāti ceti ayamattho. Rūpataṇhādibhedena chabbidhāyeva taṇhā pavattiākārabhedato kāmataṇhādivasena tividhā vuttā. Rūpataṇhāyeva hi yadā cakkhussa āpāthamāgataṃ rūpārammaṇaṃ kāmassādavasena assādayamānā pavattati, tadā kāmataṇhā nāma hoti. Yadā tadevārammaṇaṃ dhuvaṃ sassatanti pavattāya sassatadiṭṭhiyā saddhiṃ pavattati, tadā bhavataṇhā nāma hoti. Sassatadiṭṭhisahagato hi rāgo ‘‘bhavataṇhā’’ti vuccati. Yadā pana tadevārammaṇaṃ ucchijjati vinassatīti pavattāya ucchedadiṭṭhiyā saddhiṃ pavattati, tadā vibhavataṇhā nāma hoti. Ucchedadiṭṭhisahagato hi rāgo ‘‘vibhavataṇhā’’ti vuccati. Esa nayo saddataṇhādīsupi.

Kasmā panettha taṇhāva samudayasaccaṃ vuttāti? Visesahetubhāvato. Avijjā hi bhavesu ādīnavaṃ paṭicchādentī diṭṭhiādiupādānañca tattha tattha abhinivisamānaṃ taṇhaṃ abhivaḍḍheti, dosādayopi kammassa kāraṇaṃ honti, taṇhā pana taṃtaṃbhavayonigativiññāṇaṭṭhitisattāāvāsasattanikāyakulabhogissariyādivicittataṃ abhipatthentī kammavicittatāya upanissayataṃ kammassa ca sahāyabhāvaṃ upagacchantī bhavādivicittataṃ niyameti, tasmā dukkhassa visesahetubhāvato aññesupi avijjāupādānakammādīsu sutte abhidhamme ca avasesakilesākusalamūlādīsu vuttesu dukkhahetūsu vijjamānesu taṇhāva ‘‘samudayasacca’’nti vuttāti veditabbaṃ.

Idāni dukkhanirodhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘idaṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodha’’ntiādimāha. Tattha yasmā ni-saddo abhāvaṃ, rodha-saddo ca cārakaṃ dīpeti, tasmā abhāvo ettha saṃsāracārakasaṅkhātassa dukkharodhassa sabbagatisuññattā, samadhigate vā tasmiṃ saṃsāracārakasaṅkhātassa dukkharodhassa abhāvo hoti tappaṭipakkhattātipi ‘‘dukkhanirodha’’nti vuccati. Dukkhassa vā anuppādanirodhapaccayattā dukkhanirodhaṃ. Dukkhanirodhaṃ dassentena cettha ‘‘yo tassāyeva taṇhāyā’’tiādinā nayena samudayanirodho vutto, so kasmā vuttoti ce? Samudayanirodhena dukkhanirodho. Byādhinimittavūpasamena byādhivūpasamo viya hi hetunirodhena phalanirodho, tasmā samudayanirodheneva dukkhaṃ nirujjhati, na aññathā. Tenāha –

‘‘Yathāpi mūle anupaddave daḷhe;

Chinnopi rukkho punareva rūhati;

Evampi taṇhānusaye anūhate;

Nibbattatī dukkhamidaṃ punappuna’’nti. (dha. pa. 338);

Iti yasmā samudayanirodheneva dukkhaṃ nirujjhati, tasmā bhagavā dukkhanirodhaṃ dassento samudayanirodhena desesi. Sīhasamānavuttino hi tathāgatā. Te dukkhaṃ nirodhentā dukkhanirodhañca desentā hetumhi paṭipajjanti, na phale. Yathā hi sīho yenattani saro khitto, tattheva attano balaṃ dasseti, na sare, tathā buddhānaṃ kāraṇe paṭipatti, na phale. Titthiyā pana suvānavuttino. Te dukkhaṃ nirodhentā dukkhanirodhañca desentā attakilamathānuyogadesanādīhi phale paṭipajjanti, na hetumhi. Yathā hi sunakhā kenaci leḍḍuppahāre dinne bhussantā leḍḍuṃ khādanti, na pahāradāyake uṭṭhahanti, evaṃ aññatitthiyā dukkhaṃ nirodhetukāmā kāyakhedamanuyujjanti, na kilesanirodhanaṃ, evaṃ tāva dukkhanirodhassa samudayanirodhavasena desanāya payojanaṃ veditabbaṃ.

Ayaṃ panettha attho. Tassāyeva taṇhāyāti tassā ‘‘ponobbhavikā’’ti vatvā kāmataṇhādivasena vibhattataṇhāya. Virāgo vuccati maggo. ‘‘Virāgā vimuccatī’’ti (ma. ni. 1.245; saṃ. ni. 3.12, 59) hi vuttaṃ. Virāgena nirodho virāganirodho, anusayasamugghātato aseso virāganirodho asesavirāganirodho. Atha vā virāgoti pahānaṃ vuccati, tasmā anusayasamugghātato aseso virāgo aseso nirodhoti evampettha yojanā daṭṭhabbā, atthato pana sabbāneva etāni nibbānassa vevacanāni. Paramatthato hi dukkhanirodho ariyasaccanti nibbānaṃ vuccati. Yasmā pana taṃ āgamma taṇhā virajjati ceva nirujjhati ca, tasmā ‘‘virāgo’’ti ca ‘‘nirodho’’ti ca vuccati. Yasmā ca tadeva āgamma tassā cāgādayo honti, kāmaguṇālayādīsu cettha ekopi ālayo natthi, tasmā cāgo paṭinissaggo mutti anālayoti vuccati.

Idāni dukkhanirodhagāminipaṭipadāariyasaccaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘idaṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhagāminī’’tiādimāha. Yasmā panetaṃ ariyasaccaṃ dukkhanirodhaṃ gacchati ārammaṇavasaena tadabhimukhabhūtattā, paṭipadā ca hoti dukkhanirodhappattiyā, tasmā ‘‘dukkhanirodhagāminī paṭipadā’’ti vuccati. Sesamettha vuttanayameva. Ko pana nesaṃ dukkhādīnaṃ saccaṭṭhoti? Yo paññācakkhunā upaparikkhiyamānānaṃ māyāva viparīto, marīciva visaṃvādako, titthiyānaṃ attā viya anupalabbhasabhāvo ca na hoti, atha kho bādhanappabhavasantiniyyānappakārena tacchāviparītabhūtabhāvena ariyañāṇassa gocaro hotiyeva, esa aggilakkhaṇaṃ viya lokapakati viya ca tacchāviparītabhūtabhāvo saccaṭṭhoti veditabbo. Ettha ca aggilakkhaṇaṃ nāma uṇhattaṃ. Tañhi katthaci kaṭṭhādiupādānabhede visaṃvādakaṃ viparītaṃ abhūtaṃ vā kadācipi na hoti, ‘‘jātidhammā jarādhammā, atho maraṇadhammino’’ti (a. ni. 5.57) evaṃ vuttajātiādikā lokapakatīti veditabbā. ‘‘Ekaccānaṃ tiracchānānaṃ tiriyaṃ dīghatā, manussādīnaṃ uddhaṃ dīghatā, vuddhiniṭṭhappattānaṃ puna avaḍḍhananti evamādikā ca lokapakatī’’ti vadanti.

Apica –

Nābādhakaṃ yato dukkhaṃ, dukkhā aññaṃ na bādhakaṃ;

Bādhakattaniyāmena, tato saccamidaṃ mataṃ.

Taṃ vinā nāññato dukkhaṃ, na hoti na ca taṃ tato;

Dukkhahetuniyāmena, iti saccaṃ visattikā.

Nāññā nibbānato santi, santaṃ na ca na taṃ yato;

Santabhāvaniyāmena, tato saccamidaṃ mataṃ.

Maggā aññaṃ na niyyānaṃ, aniyyāno na cāpi so;

Tacchaniyyānabhāvattā, iti so saccasammato.

Iti tacchāvipallāsa-bhūtabhāvaṃ catūsupi;

Dukkhādīsvavisesena, saccaṭṭhaṃ āhu paṇḍitāti. (vibha. aṭṭha. 189);

15.Pubbe ananussutesūti ito pubbe ‘‘idaṃ dukkha’’ntiādinā na anussutesu assutapubbesu catusaccadhammesu. Cakkhuntiādīni ñāṇavevacanāneva. Ñāṇameva hettha paccakkhato dassanaṭṭhena cakkhu viyāti cakkhu, ñāṇaṭṭhena ñāṇaṃ, pakārato jānanaṭṭhena paññā, paṭivijjhanaṭṭhena vijjā, saccappaṭicchādakassa mohandhakārassa vidhamanato obhāsanaṭṭhena ālokoti vuttaṃ. Taṃ panetaṃ catūsu saccesu lokiyalokuttaramissakaṃ niddiṭṭhanti veditabbaṃ.

16.Yāvakīvañcāti yattakaṃ kālaṃ. Tiparivaṭṭanti saccañāṇakiccañāṇakatañāṇasaṅkhātānaṃ tiṇṇaṃ parivaṭṭānaṃ vasena tiparivaṭṭaṃ. Saccañāṇādivasena hi tayo parivaṭṭā etassāti tiparivaṭṭanti vuccati ñāṇadassanaṃ. Ettha ca ‘‘idaṃ dukkhaṃ ariyasaccaṃ, idaṃ dukkhasamudaya’’nti evaṃ catūsu saccesu yathābhūtañāṇaṃ saccañāṇaṃ nāma. Tesuyeva ‘‘pariññeyyaṃ pahātabbaṃ sacchikātabbaṃ bhāvetabba’’nti evaṃ kattabbakiccajānanañāṇaṃ kiccañāṇaṃ nāma. ‘‘Pariññātaṃ pahīnaṃ sacchikataṃ bhāvita’’nti evaṃ tassa katabhāvajānanañāṇaṃ katañāṇaṃ nāma. Dvādasākāranti tesaṃyeva ekekasmiṃ sacce tiṇṇaṃ tiṇṇaṃ ākārānaṃ vasena dvādasākāraṃ. Ñāṇadassananti etesaṃ tiparivaṭṭānaṃ dvādasannaṃ ākārānaṃ vasena uppannañāṇasaṅkhātaṃ dassanaṃ.

Anuttaraṃ sammāsambodhinti uttaravirahitaṃ sabbaseṭṭhaṃ sammā sāmañca bodhiṃ. Atha vā pasatthaṃ sundarañca bodhiṃ. Bodhīti ca bhagavato arahattamaggo idhādhippeto. Sāvakānaṃ arahattamaggo anuttarā bodhi hoti, na hotīti? Na hoti. Kasmā? Asabbaguṇadāyakattā. Tesañhi kassaci arahattamaggo arahattaphalameva deti, kassaci tisso vijjā, kassaci cha abhiññā, kassaci catasso paṭisambhidā, kassaci sāvakapāramīñāṇaṃ. Paccekabuddhānampi paccekabodhiñāṇameva deti, buddhānaṃ pana sabbaguṇasampattiṃ deti abhiseko viya rañño sabbalokissariyabhāvaṃ. Tasmā aññassa kassacipi anuttarā bodhi na hotīti. Abhisambuddhoti paccaññāsinti abhisambuddho ahaṃ patto paṭivijjhitvā ṭhitoti evaṃ paṭijāniṃ. Ñāṇañca pana me dassanaṃ udapādīti adhigataguṇānaṃ yāthāvato dassanasamatthaṃ paccavekkhaṇañāṇañca pana me udapādi. Akuppā me vimuttīti ayaṃ mayhaṃ arahattaphalavimutti akuppā paṭipakkhehi na kopetabbāti evaṃ ñāṇaṃ udapādi. Tattha dvīhākārehi akuppatā veditabbā maggasaṅkhātakāraṇato ca ārammaṇato ca. Sā hi catūhi maggehi samucchinnakilesānaṃ puna anivattanatāya kāraṇatopi akuppā, akuppadhammaṃ nibbānaṃ ārammaṇaṃ katvā pavattatāya ārammaṇatopi akuppā anākuppārammaṇānaṃ lokiyasamāpattīnaṃ tadabhāvato. Antimāti pacchimā. Natthi dāni punabbhavoti idāni puna añño bhavo nāma natthīti.

Imasmiñca pana veyyākaraṇasminti imasmiṃ niggāthake sutte. Niggāthakañhi suttaṃ pucchāvissajjanasahitaṃ ‘‘veyyākaraṇa’’nti vuccati. Bhaññamāneti bhaṇiyamāne, desiyamāneti attho. Virajanti apāyagamanīyarāgarajādīnaṃ vigamena virajaṃ. Vītamalanti anavasesadiṭṭhivicikicchāmalāpagamena vītamalaṃ . Paṭhamamaggavajjhakilesarajābhāvena vā virajaṃ, pañcavidhadussīlyamalāpagamena vītamalaṃ. Dhammacakkhunti brahmāyusutte (ma. ni. 2.383 ādayo) heṭṭhimā tayo maggā vuttā, cūḷarāhulovāde (ma. ni. 3.416 ādayo) āsavakkhayo, idha pana sotāpattimaggo adhippeto. Catusaccasaṅkhātesu dhammesu tesaṃ dassanaṭṭhena cakkhūti dhammacakkhu, heṭṭhimesu vā tīsu maggadhammesu ekaṃ sotāpattimaggasaṅkhātaṃ cakkhūti dhammacakkhu, samathavipassanādhammanibbattatāya sīlāditividhadhammakkhandhabhūtatāya vā dhammamayaṃ cakkhūtipi dhammacakkhu, tassa uppattiākāradassanatthaṃ ‘‘yaṃ kiñci samudayadhammaṃ, sabbaṃ taṃ nirodhadhamma’’nti āha. Nanu ca maggañāṇaṃ asaṅkhatadhammārammaṇaṃ, na saṅkhatadhammārammaṇanti? Saccametaṃ, yasmā taṃ nirodhaṃ ārammaṇaṃ katvā kiccavasena sabbasaṅkhataṃ asammohappaṭivedhavasena paṭivijjhantaṃ uppajjati, tasmā tathā vuttaṃ.

17.Dhammacakketi paṭivedhañāṇañceva desanāñāṇañca pavattanaṭṭhena cakkanti dhammacakkaṃ. Bodhipallaṅke nisinnassa hi catūsu saccesu uppannaṃ dvādasākāraṃ paṭivedhañāṇampi, isipatane nisinnassa dvādasākārāya saccadesanāya pavattakaṃ desanāñāṇampi dhammacakkaṃ nāma. Ubhayampi hetaṃ dasabalassa ure pavattañāṇameva. Tadubhayaṃ imāya desanāya pakāsentena bhagavatā dhammacakkaṃ pavattitaṃ nāma. Taṃ panetaṃ dhammacakkaṃ yāva aññāsikoṇḍaññatthero aṭṭhārasahi brahmakoṭīhi saddhiṃ sotāpattiphale patiṭṭhāti, tāva bhagavā pavatteti nāma pavattanakiccassa aniṭṭhitattā. Patiṭṭhite pavattitaṃ nāma kassapasammāsambuddhassa sāsanantaradhānato paṭṭhāya yāva buddhuppādo, ettakaṃ kālaṃ appavattapubbassa pavattitattā. Taṃ sandhāya ‘‘pavattite ca pana bhagavatā dhammacakke bhummā devā saddamanussāvesu’’ntiādi vuttaṃ. Tattha bhummāti bhūmaṭṭhakadevatā. Saddamanussāvesunti ekappahāreneva sādhukāraṃ datvā ‘‘etaṃ bhagavatā’’tiādīni vadantā anussāvayiṃsu. Obhāsoti sabbaññutaññāṇānubhāvena pavatto cittapaccayautusamuṭṭhāno obhāso. So hi tadā devānaṃ devānubhāvaṃ atikkamitvā virocittha. Aññāsi vata bho koṇḍaññoti imassapi udānassa udāharaṇaghoso dasasahassilokadhātuṃ pharitvā aṭṭhāsi. Bhagavato hi dhammacakkappavattanassa ārambhe viya parisamāpanepi ativiya uḷāratamaṃ pītisomanassaṃ udapādi.

18. Diṭṭho ariyasaccadhammo etenāti diṭṭhadhammo. Esa nayo sesapadesupi. Ettha ca dassanaṃ nāma ñāṇadassanato aññampi atthīti taṃnivattanatthaṃ ‘‘pattadhammo’’ti vuttaṃ. Patti ca ñāṇasampattito aññāpi vijjatīti tato visesanatthaṃ ‘‘viditadhammo’’ti vuttaṃ. Sā panesā viditadhammatā ekadesatopi hotīti nippadesato viditabhāvaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘pariyogāḷhadhammo’’ti vuttaṃ. Tenassa saccābhisambodhiṃyeva dīpeti. Maggañāṇañhi ekābhisamayavasena pariññādikiccaṃ sādhentaṃ nippadesena catusaccadhammaṃ samantato ogāḷhaṃ nāma hoti. Sappaṭibhayakantārasadisā soḷasavatthukā aṭṭhavatthukā ca tiṇṇā vicikicchā anenāti tiṇṇavicikiccho. Pavattiādīsu ‘‘evaṃ nukho na nukho’’ti evaṃ pavattikā vigatā samucchinnā kathaṃkathā assāti vigatakathaṃkatho. Vesārajjappattoti sārajjakarānaṃ pāpadhammānaṃ pahīnattā tappaṭipakkhesu ca sīlādīsu guṇesu suppatiṭṭhitattā visāradabhāvaṃ veyyattiyaṃ patto adhigato. Svāyaṃ vesārajjappattisuppatiṭṭhitabhāvo katthāti āha ‘‘satthusāsane’’ti. Attanā paccakkhato adhigatattā na paraṃ pacceti, parassa saddhāya ettha nappavattati, na tassa paro paccetabbo atthīti aparappaccayo.

Labheyyāhanti labheyyaṃ ahaṃ, āyācanavacanametaṃ. Ehīti āyācitānaṃ pabbajjūpasampadānaṃ anumatabhāvappakāsanavacanaṃ, tasmā ehi sampaṭicchāhi yathāyācitaṃ pabbajjūpasampadavisesanti attho. Iti-saddo tassa ehibhikkhūpasampadāpaṭilābhanimittavacanapariyosānadassano. Tadavasāno hi tassa bhikkhubhāvo. Tenevāha ‘‘ehi bhikkhūti bhagavato vacanena abhinipphannā sāva tassa āyasmato ehibhikkhūpasampadā ahosī’’ti. Cara brahmacariyanti uparimaggattayasaṅkhātaṃ brahmacariyaṃ samadhigaccha. Kimatthaṃ? Sammā dukkhassa antakiriyāya. Idhāpi ‘‘avocā’’ti sambandhitabbaṃ. ‘‘Nava koṭisahassānī’’tiādinā (visuddhi. 1.20; paṭi. ma. aṭṭha. 1.1.37) vuttappabhedānaṃ anekasahassānaṃ saṃvaravinayānaṃ samādiyitvā vattanena uparibhūtā aggabhūtā sampadāti upasampadā.

19.Nīhārabhattoti nīhaṭabhatto, gāmato bhikkhaṃ nīharitvā bhikkhūhi dinnabhattoti attho . Bhagavā hi daharakumārake viya te bhikkhū pariharanto pāṭipadadivasato paṭṭhāya piṇḍapātatthāyapi gāmaṃ apavisitvā antovihāreyeva vasi.

Dhammacakkappavattanasuttavaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.