3. Kaṅkhārevatattheragāthāvaṇṇanā

Paññaṃ imaṃ passāti āyasmato kaṅkhārevatassa gāthā. Kā uppatti? Ayampi thero padumuttarabhagavato kāle haṃsavatīnagare brāhmaṇamahāsālakule nibbatto. Ekadivasaṃ buddhānaṃ dhammadesanākāle heṭṭhā vuttanayena mahājanena saddhiṃ vihāraṃ gantvā parisapariyante ṭhito dhammaṃ suṇanto satthāraṃ ekaṃ bhikkhuṃ jhānābhiratānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapentaṃ disvā ‘‘mayāpi anāgate evarūpena bhavituṃ vaṭṭatī’’ti cintetvā desanāvasāne satthāraṃ nimantetvā heṭṭhā vuttanayena mahāsakkāraṃ katvā bhagavantaṃ āha – ‘‘bhante, ahaṃ iminā adhikārakammena aññaṃ sampattiṃ na patthemi, yathā pana so bhikkhu tumhehi ito sattamadivasamatthake jhāyīnaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapito, evaṃ ahampi anāgate ekassa buddhassa sāsane jhāyīnaṃ aggo bhaveyya’’nti patthanamakāsi. Satthā anāgataṃ oloketvā nipphajjanabhāvaṃ disvā ‘‘anāgate kappasatasahassāvasāne gotamo nāma buddho uppajjissati, tassa sāsane tvaṃ jhāyīnaṃ aggo bhavissasī’’ti byākaritvā pakkāmi.

So yāvajīvaṃ kalyāṇakammaṃ katvā kappasatasahassaṃ devamanussesu saṃsaritvā amhākaṃ bhagavato kāle sāvatthinagare mahābhogakule nibbatto pacchābhattaṃ dhammassavanatthaṃ gacchantena mahājanena saddhiṃ vihāraṃ gantvā parisapariyante ṭhito dasabalassa dhammakathaṃ sutvā paṭiladdhasaddho pabbajitvā upasampadaṃ labhitvā kammaṭṭhānaṃ kathāpetvā jhānaparikammaṃ karonto jhānalābhī hutvā jhānaṃ pādakaṃ katvā arahattaṃ pāpuṇi. So yebhuyyena dasabalena samāpajjitabbasamāpattiṃ samāpajjanto ahorattaṃ jhānesu ciṇṇavasī ahosi. Atha naṃ satthā ‘‘etadaggaṃ, bhikkhave, mama sāvakānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ jhāyīnaṃ yadidaṃ kaṅkhārevato’’ti (a. ni. 1.198, 204) jhāyīnaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapesi. Vuttampi cetaṃ apadāne (apa. thera 2.55.34-53) –

‘‘Padumuttaro nāma jino, sabbadhammesu cakkhumā;

Ito satasahassamhi, kappe uppajji nāyako.

‘‘Sīhahanu brahmagiro, haṃsadundubhinissano;

Nāgavikkantagamano, candasūrādhikappabho.

‘‘Mahāmati mahāvīro, mahājhāyī mahābalo;

Mahākāruṇiko nātho, mahātamapanūdano.

‘‘Sa kadāci tilokaggo, veneyyaṃ vinayaṃ bahuṃ;

Dhammaṃ desesi sambuddho, sattāsayavidū muni.

‘‘Jhāyiṃ jhānarataṃ vīraṃ, upasantaṃ anāvilaṃ;

Vaṇṇayanto parisatiṃ, tosesi janataṃ jino.

‘‘Tadāhaṃ haṃsavatiyaṃ, brāhmaṇo vedapāragū;

Dhammaṃ sutvāna mudito, taṃ ṭhānamabhipatthayiṃ.

‘‘Tadā jino viyākāsi, saṅghamajjhe vināyako;

Mudito hohi tvaṃ brahme, lacchase taṃ manorathaṃ.

‘‘Satasahassito kappe, okkākakulasambhavo;

Gotamo nāma gottena, satthā loke bhavissati.

‘‘Tassa dhammesu dāyādo, oraso dhammanimmito;

Revato nāma nāmena, hessati satthu sāvako.

‘‘Tena kammena sukatena, cetanāpaṇidhīhi ca;

Jahitvā mānusaṃ dehaṃ, tāvatiṃsamagacchahaṃ.

‘‘Pacchime ca bhave dāni, jātohaṃ koliye pure;

Khattiye kulasampanne, iddhe phīte mahaddhane.

‘‘Yadā kapilavatthusmiṃ, buddho dhammamadesayi;

Tadā pasanno sugate, pabbajiṃ anagāriyaṃ.

‘‘Kaṅkhā me bahulā āsi, kappākappe tahiṃ tahiṃ;

Sabbaṃ taṃ vinayī buddho, desetvā dhammamuttamaṃ.

‘‘Tatohaṃ tiṇṇasaṃsāro, tadā jhānasukhe rato;

Viharāmi tadā buddho, maṃ disvā etadabravi.

‘‘Yā kāci kaṅkhā idha vā huraṃ vā, savediyā vā paravediyā vā;

Ye jhāyino tā pajahanti sabbā, ātāpino brahmacariyaṃ carantā.

‘‘Satasahasse kataṃ kammaṃ, phalaṃ dassesi me idha;

Sumutto saravegova, kilese jhāpayiṃ mama.

‘‘Tato jhānarattaṃ disvā, buddho lokantagū muni;

Jhāyīnaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ aggo, paññāpesi mahāmati.

‘‘Kilesā jhāpitā mayhaṃ, bhavā sabbe samūhatā;

Nāgova bandhanaṃ chetvā, viharāmi anāsavo.

‘‘Svāgataṃ vata me āsi, mama buddhassa santike;

Tisso vijjā anuppattā, kataṃ buddhassa sāsanaṃ.

‘‘Paṭisambhidā catasso, vimokkhāpi ca aṭṭhime;

Chaḷabhiññā sacchikatā, kataṃ buddhassa sāsana’’nti.

Tathā katakicco panāyaṃ mahāthero pubbe dīgharattaṃ attano kaṅkhāpakatacittataṃ idāni sabbaso vigatakaṅkhatañca paccavekkhitvā ‘‘aho nūna mayhaṃ satthuno desanānubhāvo, tenetarahi evaṃ vigatakaṅkho ajjhattaṃ vūpasantacitto jāto’’ti sañjātabahumāno bhagavato paññaṃ pasaṃsanto ‘‘paññaṃ imaṃ passā’’ti imaṃ gāthamāha.

3. Tattha paññanti pakāre jānāti, pakārehi ñāpetīti ca paññā. Veneyyānaṃ āsayānusayacariyādhimuttiādippakāre dhammānaṃ kusalādike khandhādike ca desetabbappakāre jānāti, yathāsabhāvato paṭivijjhati, tehi ca pakārehi ñāpetīti attho. Satthu desanāñāṇañhi idhādhippetaṃ, tenāha ‘‘ima’’nti. Tañhi attani siddhena desanābalena nayaggāhato paccakkhaṃ viya upaṭṭhitaṃ gahetvā ‘‘ima’’nti vuttaṃ. Yadaggena vā satthu desanāñāṇaṃ sāvakehi nayato gayhati, tadaggena attano visaye paṭivedhañāṇampi nayato gayhateva. Tenāha āyasmā dhammasenāpati – ‘‘apica me, bhante, dhammanvayo vidito’’ti (dī. ni. 2.146; 3.143). Passāti vimhayappatto aniyamato ālapati attanoyeva vā cittaṃ, yathāha bhagavā udānento – ‘‘lokamimaṃ passa; puthū avijjāya paretaṃ bhūtaṃ bhūtarataṃ bhavā aparimutta’’nti (udā. 30). Tathāgatānanti tathā āgamanādiatthena tathāgatānaṃ. Tathā āgatoti hi tathāgato, tathā gatoti tathāgato, tathalakkhaṇaṃ āgatoti tathāgato, tathadhamme yāthāvato abhisambuddhoti tathāgato, tathadassitāya tathāgato, tathavāditāya tathāgato, tathākāritāya tathāgato, abhibhavanaṭṭhena tathāgatoti evaṃ aṭṭhahi kāraṇehi bhagavā tathāgato. Tathāya āgatoti tathāgato, tathāya gatoti tathāgato, tathalakkhaṇaṃ gatoti tathāgato, tathāni āgatoti tathāgato, tathāvidhoti tathāgato, tathā pavattitoti tathāgato, tathehi āgatoti tathāgato , tathā gatabhāvena tathāgatoti evampi aṭṭhahi kāraṇehi bhagavā tathāgatoti ayamettha saṅkhepo. Vitthāro pana paramatthadīpaniyā udānaṭṭhakathāya (udā. aṭṭha. 18) itivuttakaṭṭhakathāya (itivu. aṭṭha. 38) ca vuttanayeneva veditabbo.

Idāni tassā paññāya asādhāraṇavisesaṃ dassetuṃ ‘‘aggi yathā’’tiādi vuttaṃ. Yathā aggīti upamāvacanaṃ. Yathāti tassa upamābhāvadassanaṃ. Pajjalitoti upameyyena sambandhadassanaṃ. Nisītheti kiccakaraṇakāladassanaṃ. Ayañhettha attho – yathā nāma nisīthe rattiyaṃ caturaṅgasamannāgate andhakāre vattamāne unnate ṭhāne pajjalito aggi tasmiṃ padese tayagataṃ vidhamantaṃ tiṭṭhati, evameva tathāgatānaṃ imaṃ desanāñāṇasaṅkhātaṃ sabbaso veneyyānaṃ saṃsayatamaṃ vidhamantaṃ paññaṃ passāti. Yato desanāvilāsena sattānaṃ ñāṇamayaṃ ālokaṃ dentīti ālokadā. Paññāmayameva cakkhuṃ dadantīti cakkhudadā. Tadubhayampi kaṅkhāvinayapadaṭṭhānameva katvā dassento ‘‘ye āgatānaṃ vinayanti kaṅkha’’nti āha, ye tathāgatā attano santikaṃ āgatānaṃ upagatānaṃ veneyyānaṃ ‘‘ahosiṃ nu kho ahamatītamaddhāna’’ntiādinayappavattaṃ (ma. ni. 1.18; saṃ. ni. 2.20) soḷasavatthukaṃ, ‘‘buddhe kaṅkhati dhamme kaṅkhatī’’tiādinayappavattaṃ (dha. sa. 1008) aṭṭhavatthukañca kaṅkhaṃ vicikicchaṃ vinayanti desanānubhāvena anavasesato vidhamanti viddhaṃsenti. Vinayakukkuccasaṅkhātā pana kaṅkhā tabbinayeneva vinītā hontīti.

Aparo nayo – yathā aggi nisīthe rattibhāge pajjalito paṭutarajālo samujjalaṃ uccāsane ṭhitānaṃ obhāsadānamattena andhakāraṃ vidhamitvā samavisamaṃ vibhāvento ālokadado hoti. Accāsanne pana ṭhitānaṃ taṃ supākaṭaṃ karonto cakkhukiccakaraṇato cakkhudado nāma hoti, evameva tathāgato attano dhammakāyassa dūre ṭhitānaṃ akatādhikārānaṃ paññāpajjotena mohandhakāraṃ vidhamitvā kāyavisamādisamavisamaṃ vibhāvento ālokadā bhavanti, āsanne ṭhitānaṃ pana katādhikārānaṃ dhammacakkhuṃ uppādento cakkhudadā bhavanti. Ye evaṃbhūtā attano vacīgocaraṃ āgatānaṃ mādisānampi kaṅkhābahulānaṃ kaṅkhaṃ vinayanti ariyamaggasamuppādanena vidhamanti, tesaṃ tathāgatānaṃ paññaṃ ñāṇātisayaṃ passāti yojanā. Evamayaṃ therassa attano kaṅkhāvitaraṇappakāsanena aññābyākaraṇagāthāpi hoti. Ayañhi thero puthujjanakāle kappiyepi kukkuccako hutvā kaṅkhābahulatāya ‘‘kaṅkhārevato’’ti paññāto, pacchā khīṇāsavakālepi tatheva voharayittha. Tenāha – ‘‘itthaṃ sudaṃ āyasmā kaṅkhārevato gāthaṃ abhāsitthā’’ti. Taṃ vuttatthameva.

Kaṅkhārevatattheragāthāvaṇṇanā niṭṭhitā.