Salvia

This article is about the plant genus called Salvia (sage). For the culinary herb see Salvia officinalis. For the psychoactive herb see Salvia divinorum. For the Italian municipality see Savoia di Lucania. For other meanings see sage.

Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae, with approximately 900 species of shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. It is one of three genera commonly referred to as sage. When used without modifiers, sage generally refers to Salvia officinalis ("common sage"); however, it can be used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their scientific name Salvia. The genus is distributed throughout the world, with the center of diversity and origin appearing to be Central and South Western Asia, while nearly 500 species are native to Mexico and Central and South America.

The name is derived from the Latin salvere ("to save"), referring to the long-believed healing properties of salvia. The Latin was corrupted to 'sauja', to the French 'sauge', and to the old English 'sawge', and eventually became the modern day 'sage'. Pliny the Elder was the first to use the Latin name salvia.

Description

Salvia species include annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, along with woody based sub-shrubs. The stems are typically angled like other members in Lamiaceae. The flowers are produced in spikes, racemes, or panicles, and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red, with white and yellow less common. The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, without bearded throats, and divided into two parts or lips, the upper lip entire or three-toothed, the lower two-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are two-lipped with the upper lip entire or notched and spreading. The lower lip typically has three lobes with the middle lobe longest. The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers two-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower styles are two-cleft. The fruits are smooth nutlets and many species have a mucilaginous coating.

Many salvias have hairs growing on the leaves, stems, and flowers, which help to reduce water loss in some species. Sometimes the hairs are glandular and secrete volatile oils that typically give a distinct aroma to the plant. When the hairs are rubbed or brushed, some of the oil-bearing cells are ruptured, releasing the oil. This often results in the plant being unattractive to grazing animals and some insects.

Salvia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including the bucculatricid leaf-miner Bucculatrix taeniola which feeds exclusively on the genus and the Coleophora case-bearers C. aegyptiacae, C. salviella (both feed exclusively on S. aegyptiaca), C. ornatipennella and C. virgatella (both recorded on S. pratensis).

Classification

The defining characteristic of the genus Salvia is the unusual pollination mechanism, which consists of two stamens (instead of the typical four found in other members of the tribe Mentheae) and the way the two stamens are connected to form a lever. When a pollinator enters the flower for nectar, the lever activates causing the stamens to move and the pollen to be deposited on the pollinator. When the pollinator withdraws from the flower, the lever returns the stamens to their original position. As the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the stigma is placed in a general location that corresponds to where the pollen was deposited on the pollinator's body. It is believed that this is a key factor in the speciation of this large group of diverse plants. However, it now appears that somewhat different versions of this lever mechanism have evolved in the tribe Mentheae, and that Salvia is not monophyletic.

The classification of different Salvia species has been very confusing over the years. Many species are similar to each other, and many species have varieties that have been given different specific names. Salvia officinalis, for example, has been described and named under six other specific names at various times. At one time there were over 2000 named Salvia species. That number has been reduced in recent years to 700-900 distinct species and subspecies, depending on the source.

Commonly used species

Salvia officinalis, or "Common sage" is used widely in cooking and as a herbal medicine. It shows promise as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease patients.
Salvia miltiorrhiza (red sage) is used in Traditional Chinese medicine.
Salvia splendens or "Scarlet sage" is a popular ornamental bedding or pot plant.
Salvia apiana is the "whitesage" used in smudge sticks in many U.S. Native American traditions.
Salvia divinorum, or "Diviner's sage", is an unusual psychedelic plant; its legality is pending in some US states.

Translation

The word "Salvia" occurs as such in the following languages: English, Catalan, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Simple English.

Translation(s) in other languages: Arabic: قويسة, Guarani: Sálvia, Breton: Saoj, Bulgarian: Салвия, Danish: Salvie, German: Salbei, Estonian: Salvei, Esperanto: Salvio, Persian: خزنه, French: Sauge, Upper Sorbian: Želbija, Hebrew: מרווה, Kashubian: Szalwija, Lithuanian: Šalavijas, Macedonian: Жалфија, Dutch: Salie (geslacht), Japanese: アキギリ属, Norwegian (Bokmål): Salvier, Polish: Szałwia, Quechua: Sipita, Russian: Шалфей, Swedish: Salviasläktet, Turkish: Ada çayı, Ukrainian: Шавлія, Walloon: Saedje (plante), Chinese: 鼠尾草属.