Manakin
The manakins are a family, Pipridae, of some sixty small passerine bird species of the American tropics.
Description
They range in size from 7 to 15 cm and in weight from 8 to 30 g. The genus Tyranneutes comprise the smallest manakins, the genus Antilophia are believed to be the largest (since the Schiffornis genus are no longer considered manakins). They are compact stubby birds with short tails, broad and rounded wings, and big heads. The bill is short and has a wide gap. Females and first-year males have dull green plumage; most species are sexually dichromatic in their plumage, the males being mostly black with striking colours in patches, and in some species having long, decorative tail or crown feathers or erectile throat feathers. In some species, males from two to four years old have a distinctive subadult plumage.
The syrinx or "voicebox" is distinctive in manakins, setting them apart from the related families Cotingidae and Tyrannidae. Furthermore, it so variable within the group that genera and even species can be identified by the syrinx alone, unlike birds of most oscine families. The sounds made are whistles, trills, and buzzes.
Range, habitat, and feeding
Manakins occur from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Brazil, and on Trinidad and Tobago as well. They are highly arboreal and are almost exclusively forest and woodland birds. Most species live in humid tropical lowlands, with a few in dry forests, river forests, and the subtropical Andes. Some highland species have altitudinal migrations. Manakins feed in the understory on small fruit (but often remarkably large for the size of the bird) including berries, and to a lesser degree, insects. Since they take fruit in flight as other species "hawk" for insects, they are believed to have evolved from insect-eating birds. Females have big territories from which they do not necessarily exclude other birds of their species, instead feeding somewhat socially. Males spend much of their time together at courtship sites, as described below. Manakins sometimes join mixed feeding flocks.
Reproduction
Many manakin species have spectacular lekking courtship rituals, which are especially elaborate in the genera Pipra and Chiroxiphia. The members of the genera Machaeropterus and Manacus have heavily modified wing feathers, which they use to make buzzing and snapping sounds. Building of the nest (an open cup, generally low in vegetation), incubation for 18 to 21 days, and care of the young for 13 to 15 days are undertaken by the female alone, since most manakins do not form stable pairs. (The Helmeted Manakin does form pairs, but the male's contribution is limited to defending the territory.) The normal clutch is two eggs, which are buff or dull white marked with brown.
Lekking polygyny seems to have been a characteristic of the family's original ancestor, and the associated sexual selection led to an adaptive radiation in which relationships can be traced by similarities in displays. An evolutionary explanation connecting lekking to fruit-eating has been proposed.
Species list
The members of the genus Schiffornis were previously placed in this family, but are now placed in Tityridae.
Family: PIPRIDAE Genus: Pipra
Crimson-hooded Manakin, Pipra aureola
Band-tailed Manakin, Pipra fasciicauda
Wire-tailed Manakin, Pipra filicauda
Golden-headed Manakin, Pipra erythrocephala
Red-capped Manakin, Pipra mentalis
Red-headed Manakin, Pipra rubrocapilla
Round-tailed Manakin, Pipra chloromeros
Scarlet-horned Manakin, Pipra cornuta
Genus: Lepidothrix
Blue-crowned Manakin, Lepidothrix coronata
Blue-rumped Manakin, Lepidothrix isidorei
Cerulean-capped Manakin, Lepidothrix coeruleocapilla
Snow-capped Manakin, Lepidothrix nattereri
Golden-crowned Manakin, Lepidothrix vilasboasi
Opal-crowned Manakin, Lepidothrix iris
Orange-bellied Manakin, Lepidothrix suavissima
White-fronted Manakin, Lepidothrix serena
Genus: Dixiphia
White-crowned Manakin, Dixiphia pipra
Genus: Antilophia
Helmeted Manakin, Antilophia galeata
Araripe Manakin, Antilophia bokermanni
Genus: Chiroxiphia
Long-tailed Manakin, Chiroxiphia linearis
Lance-tailed Manakin, Chiroxiphia lanceolata
Blue-backed Manakin, Chiroxiphia pareola
Yungas Manakin, Chiroxiphia boliviana
Blue Manakin, Chiroxiphia caudata
Genus: Ilicura
Pin-tailed Manakin, Ilicura militaris
Genus: Masius
Golden-winged Manakin, Masius chrysopterus
Genus: Corapipo
White-ruffed Manakin, Corapipo leucorrhoa
White-bibbed Manakin, Corapipo (l.) leucorrhoa
White-ruffed Manakin, Corapipo (leucorrhoa) altera
White-throated Manakin, Corapipo gutturalis
Genus: Manacus
White-collared Manakin, Manacus candei
Orange-collared Manakin, Manacus aurantiacus
Golden-collared Manakin, Manacus vitellinus
White-bearded Manakin, Manacus manacus
Genus: Machaeropterus
Fiery-capped Manakin, Machaeropterus pyrocephalus
Striped Manakin, Machaeropterus regulus
Eastern Stripe Manakin, Machaeropterus (r.) regulus
Western Striped Manakin, Machaeropterus (regulus) striolatus
Club-winged Manakin, Machaeropterus deliciosus
Genus: Xenopipo
Black Manakin, Xenopipo atronitens
Jet Manakin, Xenopipo unicolor
Olive Manakin, Xenopipo uniformis
Green Manakin, Xenopipo holochlora
Lita Manakin, Xenopipo (holochlora) litae
Yellow-headed Manakin, Xenopipo flavicapilla
Genus: Heterocercus
Flame-crested Manakin, Heterocercus linteatus
Orange-crested Manakin, Heterocercus aurantiivertex
Yellow-crested Manakin, Heterocercus flavivertex
Genus: Neopelma
Saffron-crested Tyrant-manakin, Neopelma chrysocephalum
Sulphur-bellied Tyrant-manakin, Neopelma sulphureiventer
Pale-bellied Tyrant-manakin, Neopelma pallescens
Wied's Tyrant-manakin, Neopelma aurifrons
Serra do Mar Tyrant-manakin, Neopelma chrysolophum
Genus: Tyranneutes
Dwarf Tyrant-manakin, Tyranneutes stolzmanni
Tiny Tyrant-manakin, Tyranneutes virescens
Genus: Piprites - placement in present family questionable.
Black-capped Piprites, Piprites pileatus
Gray-headed Piprites, Piprites griseiceps
Wing-barred Piprites, Piprites chloris
Translation of "Manakin"
Breton: Pipridae, German: Schnurrvögel, Spanish: Pipridae, Esperanto: Pipredoj, French: Pipridae, Georgian: პიპრისებრნი, Lithuanian: Pipriniai, Hungarian: Piprafélék, Dutch: Manakins, Japanese: マイコドリ亜科 (Sibley), Norwegian (Bokmål): Manakiner, Norwegian (Nynorsk): Manakinar, Polish: Gorzyki, Russian: Манакиновые, Finnish: Tanssijat, Ukrainian: Манакінові.
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