Lanius

Lanius, the typical shrikes, are a genus of passerine birds in the shrike family. The majority of the family's species are placed in this genus. African species are known as fiscals. That name comes from the Afrikaans word fiskaal ("public official", especially a hangman), because they hang their prey on thorns for storage.

Most Lanius species occur in Eurasia and Africa, but the Great Grey Shrike has a circumpolar distribution, and the Loggerhead Shrike is confined to North America. There are no members of this genus or the shrike family in South America or Australia.

Lanius shrikes are birds of open habitats typically seen perched upright on a prominent perch like a treetop or a telegraph pole. They sally out for prey, taken in flight or the ground. These species primarily take large insects, but will also take small birds, reptiles and mammals. For large northern species such as the Great Grey, the majority of the prey will be vertebrates, especially in winter.

Despite their diet, these are not true birds of prey, and lack the strong talons of the raptors. Though they use their feet to hold smaller insects, larger prey items are impaled upon a sharp point, such as a thorn or the barbs of barbed wire. Thus secured they can be ripped open with the hooked bill.

Most Lanius shrikes are solitary, except when breeding and highly territorial. Northern or temperate species such as the Great Grey and Red-backed Shrikes are migratory and winter well south of the breeding range.

The sexes of most species are distinguishable, the male invariably being the brighter bird where there is a difference.

There are some natural groupings within the genus, such as the seven African fiscals, the large grey species (ludovicianus, excubitor, meridionalis and sphenocercus) and the Eurasian brown-backed species (tigrinus, bucephalus, collurio, isabellinus, cristatus and gubernator). In the last group in particular, it has been difficult to define species’ boundaries, and in the past several of these shrike have been lumped as conspecific.

The prehistoric shrike Lanius miocaenus has been described from Early Miocene fossils found at Langy, France, though its placement in this genus is not universally accepted due to its fairly high age.

Species in taxonomic order

Tiger Shrike, Lanius tigrinus
Bull-headed Shrike, Lanius bucephalus
Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio
Isabelline Shrike Lanius isabellinus
Brown Shrike, Lanius cristatus
Burmese Shrike, Lanius collurioides
Emin's Shrike, Lanius gubernator
Souza's Shrike, Lanius souzae
Bay-backed Shrike, Lanius vittatus
Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach
Grey-backed Shrike Lanius tephronotus
Mountain Shrike or Grey-capped Shrike, Lanius validirostris
Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor
Loggerhead Shrike, Lanius ludovicianus
Great Grey Shrike or Northern Shrike Lanius excubitor
Southern Grey Shrike Lanius meridionalis
Chinese Grey Shrike, Lanius sphenocercus
Grey-backed Fiscal, Lanius excubitoroides
Long-tailed Fiscal, Lanius cabanisi
Taita Fiscal, Lanius dorsalis
Somali Fiscal, Lanius somalicus
Mackinnon's Shrike, Lanius mackinnoni
Common Fiscal, Lanius collaris
Newton's Fiscal, Lanius newtoni
Uhehe Shrike, Lanius marwitzi
Woodchat Shrike, Lanius senator
Masked Shrike, Lanius nubicus

Translation

The word "Lanius" occurs as such in the following languages: English, Spanish, Italian, Hungarian.

Translation(s) in other languages: French: Pie-grièche, Hebrew: חנקן (ציפור), Lithuanian: Medšarkės, Slovenian: Srakoper, Finnish: Lepinkäiset (suku), Swedish: Törnskatsläktet, Ukrainian: Сорокопуд.