Harlow Shapley
Harlow Shapley (November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972) was an American astronomer.
Career
He was born on a farm in Nashville, Missouri, and dropped out of school with only the equivalent of a fifth-grade education. After studying at home and covering crime stories as a newspaper reporter, Shapley returned to complete a six-year high school program in only two years, graduating as class valedictorian.
In 1907, at the age of 22, Harlow Shapley went to study journalism at University of Missouri. When he learned that the opening of the School of Journalism had been postponed for a year, he decided to study the first subject he came across in the course directory. Rejecting Archeology, which Harlow later explained he couldn't pronounce, Harlow chose the next subject, Astronomy.
Post-graduation, Shapley received a fellowship to Princeton University for graduate work, where he studied under Henry Norris Russell and used the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars (discovered by Henrietta Swan Leavitt) to determine distances to globular clusters. He was the first to realize that the Milky Way Galaxy was much larger than previously believed, and that the Sun's place in the galaxy was in a nondescript location.
He participated in the "Great Debate" with Heber D. Curtis on the nature of nebulas and galaxies and the size of the Universe. The debate took place on April 26, 1920. Shapley argued against the theory that the Sun was at the center of the galaxy, and promoted the idea that globular clusters and spiral nebulae are within the Milky Way. He was incorrect about the latter point, but correct about the former.
At the time of the debate, Shapley was working at the Mount Wilson Observatory, where he had been hired by George Ellery Hale. After the debate, however, he was hired to replace the recently deceased Edward Charles Pickering as director of the Harvard College Observatory.
He served as director of the HCO from 1921 to 1952. During this time, he hired Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, who became the first person to earn a doctorate at Harvard University in the field of astronomy.
He wrote many books on astronomy and the sciences. Among these was Source Book in Astronomy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1929 -- co-written with Helen E. Howarth, also on the staff of the Harvard College Observatory), the first of the publisher's series of source books in the history of the sciences.
From 1941 he was on the original standing committee of the Foundation for the Study of Cycles.
In the 1940's, Shapley helped found government funded scientific associations, including the National Science Foundation. He is also responsible for the addition of the "S" in UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
In 1950, Shapley was instrumental in organizing a campaign in academia against the controversial US bestseller pseudoscience book Worlds in Collision by Russian expatriate psychiatrist Immanuel Velikovsky.
In addition to astronomy, Shapley held a life long interest in myrmecology, the study of ants.
Institute on Religion in an Age of Science
Shapley attended Institute on Religion in an Age of Science conferences at Star Island and was the editor of the book [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ejs3HgAACAAJ Science Ponders Religion] (1960).
Family
He married Martha Betz, in April 1914. She assisted her husband in astronomical research both at Mount Wilson and at Harvard Observatory. She produced numerous articles on eclipsing stars and other astronomical objects. They had four sons and one daughter.
Honors
Awards Henry Draper Medal in 1926
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1934
Bruce Medal in 1939
Henry Norris Russell Lectureship in 1950
Named after him The crater Shapley on the Moon
Asteroid 1123 Shapleya
Shapley Supercluster
Harlow Shapley Visiting Lectureships In Astronomy, American Astronomical Societyl
Quotes
'Some piously record "In the beginning God", but I say "In the beginning hydrogen".'
Sources
[http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/debate/1920/shapley_obit.html Nature - Obituary]
Translation
The phrase "Harlow Shapley" occurs as such in the following languages: English, German, Spanish, French, Ido, Italian, Luxembourgish, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Slovenian.
Translation(s) in other languages: Arabic: هارلو شابلي, Esperanto: Harlow Sharpley, Persian: هارلو شپلی, Korean: 할로 섀플리, Japanese: ハーロー・シャプレー, Thai: ฮาร์โลว์ แชปลีย์, Chinese: 哈罗·沙普利.
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