Garcinia

Garcinia is a plant genus of the family Clusiaceae native to Asia, Australia, tropical and southern Africa, and Polynesia. The number of species is highly disputed, with various sources recognizing between 50 and about 300 taxa as specifically valid. Commonly, the plants in this genus are called saptrees, mangosteens (which may also refer specifically to the Purple Mangosteen, G. mangostana), garcinias or, ambiguously, "monkey fruit".

Garcinia are evergreen trees and shrubs, dioecious and in several cases apomictic. Many species are threatened due to habitat destruction, and at least G. cadelliana from South Andaman Island is almost or even completely extinct already.

The fruit are a food source for several animals, such as the archduke butterflies (Lexias) of tropical eastern Asia which relish the sap of overripe mangosteens.

Uses

Many species of Garcinia have fruit with edible arils. But most are eaten locally; some species' fruits are highly esteemed in one region, but unknown just a few hundred kilometres away. The best-known species is the Purple Mangosteen (G. mangostana), which is now cultivated throughout Southeast Asia and other tropical countries, having become established in the late 20th century. Less well-known but still of international importance are Kandis (G. forbesii) with small round red fruits with subacid taste and melting flesh, the Lemon Drop Mangosteen (G. intermedia) with yellow fruit that look like a wrinkled lemon, and the thin-skinned orange Button Mangosteen (G. prainiana).

In addition, mangosteen rind (exocarp) extract is used as a spice. It figures prominently in Kodava culture, and G. multiflora is used to flavour and colour the famous bún riêu soup of Vietnam, where this plant is known as hạt điều màu. Gambooge (G. gummi-gutta) yields a spice widely used in South Asia, in particular in Kerala, where it is called kodumpulli.

Most species in Garcinia are known for their gum resin, brownish-yellow from xanthones such as mangostin and used as purgative or cathartic, but most frequently – at least in former times – as a pigment. The colour term "gamboge" references the Gambooge, whose obsolete scientific name is G. cambogia.

Extracts of the exocarp of certain species – typically Gambooge, but also Purple Mangosteen – are often contained in appetite suppressants such as Hydroxycut, Leptoprin or XanGo. But their effectiveness at normal consumption levels is unproven, while at least one case of severe acidosis caused by long-term consumption of such products has been documented. Furthermore, they may contain significant amounts of hydroxycitric acid which is somewhat toxic and might even destroy the testicles after prolonged use. Fruit extracts from Bitter Kola (G. kola) have been claimed to be effective at stopping Ebola virus replication in laboratory tests; its seeds are used in folk medicine. G. mannii is popular as a chewstick in western Africa, freshening the breath and cleaning the teeth.

G. subelliptica, called fukugi in Japanese, is the floral emblem of Mobuto and Tarama on Okinawa. The Malaysian town of Beruas – often spelled "Bruas" – derives its name from the Seashore Mangosteen (G. hombroniana), known locally as pokok bruas.

Selected species

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Garcinia acutifolia
Garcinia afzelii
Garcinia aristata
Garcinia atroviridis
Garcinia benthami
Garcinia bifasciculata
Garcinia brassii
Garcinia brevipedicellata
Garcinia burkillii
Garcinia cadelliana
Garcinia cantleyana
Garcinia cerasifer (H.Perrier) P.F.Stevens
Garcinia clusiaefolia
Garcinia costata
Garcinia cymosa (K.Schum.) I.M.Turner & P.F.Stevens
Garcinia decussata
Garcinia diversifolia
Garcinia dulcis – mundu, rata
Garcinia elliptica
Garcinia epunctata
Garcinia eugeniaefolia
Garcinia forbesii – Kandis
Garcinia fragraeoides
Garcinia gardneriana – bacupari
Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex Sim
Garcinia gummi-gutta – Gambooge, Brindleberry, Brindall Berry, Malabar Tamarind, goraka, kodumpulli (Kerala), kodukkaippuli (Tamil)
Garcinia hanburyi – Hanbury's Garcinia
Garcinia hendersoniana
Garcinia hermonii
Garcinia hessii – Lemon Saptree
Garcinia heterandra
Garcinia holttumii
Garcinia hombroniana – Seashore Mangosteen, pokok bruas (Malay)
Garcinia imberti
Garcinia indica – Wild Mangosteen, amsol, bhinda, biran, katambi, kokum, panarpuli, kodam-puli, ratamba, etc
Garcinia intermedia – Lemon Drop Mangosteen, charichuelo
Garcinia kingii
Garcinia kola – Bitter Kola
Garcinia linii
Garcinia livingstonei – African Mangosteen, Lowveld Mangosteen, Livingstone's Garcinia, imbe
Garcinia madruno (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Kunth) Hammel – ungüento maría, tierra amarillo, "madroño"
Garcinia maingayi
Garcinia mannii
Garcinia mangostana – Purple Mangosteen
Garcinia mestonii
Garcinia minutiflora
Garcinia monantha
Garcinia montana
Garcinia morella – batuan (Tagalog), ireevalsinni (Tamil)
Garcinia multiflora Champ. – hạt điều màu (Vietnamese)
Garcinia murtonii
Garcinia oliveri
Garcinia opaca
Garcinia paucinervis
Garcinia portoricensis
Garcinia prainiana – Button Mangosteen, cherapu
Garcinia pseudoguttifera Seem. – moʻonia (Tongan)
Garcinia pyrifera
Garcinia quaesita
Garcinia rubro-echinata
Garcinia schomburgkiana
Garcinia scortechinii
Garcinia semseii
Garcinia sessilis Seem. – heilala (Tongan)
Garcinia staudtii
Garcinia subelliptica Merr. – fukugi (Japanese)
Garcinia thwaitesii
Garcinia tinctoria
Garcinia travancorica
Garcinia uniflora
Garcinia vitiensis
Garcinia warrenii F.Muell.
Garcinia wightii
Garcinia xanthochymus
Garcinia zeylanica

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Translation

The word "Garcinia" occurs as such in the following languages: English, German, Spanish, French, Kapampangan, Portuguese.

Translation(s) in other languages: Japanese: フクギ属, Polish: Mangostan, Russian: Гарциния, Tongan: Heilala, Vietnamese: Chi Bứa, Chinese: 福木.