Galactose

Galactose (Gal) is a type of sugar which is less sweet than glucose. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy. Its name comes from the Ancient Greek word for milk, γάλακτος (galaktos).

Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose. It is found in hemicellulose and can be converted to galactose by hydrolysis. Galactose solubility in water is 68.30 grams per 100 grams of water at 20–25°C.

Sources

It is found in dairy products, in sugar beets and other gums and mucilages.

It is also synthesized by the body, where it forms part of glycolipids and glycoproteins in several tissues.

Chemical reactions

Oxidation of galactose with nitric acid yields the tetra-hydroxy derivative of adipic acid, mucic acid (also known as galactaric acid.) The ammonium salt of this acid, ammonium mucate, forms pyrrole upon dry distillation, according to the following formula:

(2NH₄)²⁺(C₆H₄O₈)^2- (dry distillation)-> C₄H₅N + 2CO₂ + 4H₂O + NH₃

Relationship to lactose

Galactose is a monosaccharide. When combined with glucose, through a dehydration reaction, the result is the disaccharide lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzyme lactase, a β-galactosidase.

In the human body, glucose is changed into galactose via hexoneogenesis in order to enable the mammary glands to secrete lactose. However, most galactose in breast milk is synthesized from galactose taken up from the blood, and only 35±6% is made by de novo synthesis. Glycerol also contributes some to the mammary galactose production.

Galactose and glucose are produced by hydrolysis of lactose by β-galactosidase. This enzyme is produced by the lac operon in Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Clinical significance

Chronic systemic exposure of mice, rats, and Drosophila to D-galactose causes the acceleration of senescence and has been used as an aging model. Two studies have suggested a possible link between galactose in milk and ovarian cancer. Other studies show no correlation, even in the presence of defective galactose metabolism. More recently, pooled analysis done by the Harvard School of Public Health showed no specific correlation between lactose containing foods and ovarian cancer, and showed statistically insignificant increases in risk for consumption of lactose at ≥30 g/d. More research is necessary to ascertain possible risks.

There are some ongoing studies which suggest that galactose may have a role in treatment of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (a kidney disease resulting in kidney failure and proteinuria). This effect is likely to be a result of binding of galactose to FSGS factor.

Galactose is a component of the antigens present on blood cells that determine blood type within the ABO blood group system.

Structure and isomerism

The first and last -OH groups point the same way and the second and third -OH groups point the other way. D-Galactose has the same configuration at its penultimate carbon as D-glyceraldehyde. Galactose is an epimer of glucose.

Liver galactose metabolism

In the liver, galactose is converted to glucose 6-phosphate in the following reactions:

galacto- uridyl phosphogluco- kinase transferase mutase gal --------> gal 1 P ------------------> glc 1 P -----------> glc 6 P ^ \ / v UDP-glc UDP-gal ^ / \___________/ epimerase

Metabolic disorders

There are 3 types of galactosemia or galactose deficiencies:

Translation

The word "Galactose" occurs as such in the following languages: English, German, French, Dutch, Portuguese.

Translation(s) in other languages: Arabic: جالكتوز, Catalan: Galactosa, Czech: Galaktosa, Danish: Galaktose, Greek: Γαλακτόζη, Spanish: Galactosa, Basque: Galaktosa, West Frisian: Galaktoaze, Galician: Galactosa, Italian: Galattosio, Hebrew: גלקטוז, Latin: Galactosium, Hungarian: Galaktóz, Malay: Galaktosa, Japanese: ガラクトース, Norwegian (Bokmål): Galaktose, Occitan: Galactòsa, Polish: Galaktoza, Russian: Галактоза, Serbian: Галактоза, Serbo-Croatian: Galaktoza, Finnish: Galaktoosi, Swedish: Galaktos, Thai: กาแล็กโทส, Turkish: Galaktoz, Chinese: 半乳糖.