Federated States of Micronesia

The Federated States of Micronesia /ˌmaɪkroʊˈniːʒə/ is an island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, north of New Guinea. It is a sovereign state in free association with the United States. The Federated States of Micronesia were formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, a United Nations Trust Territory under U.S. administration. In 1979 they adopted a constitution, and in 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.

The Federated States of Micronesia is spread across the Caroline Islands in the wider region of Micronesia, which consists of hundreds of small islands divided between several countries. The term Micronesia may refer to the Federated States or to the region as a whole.

History

The ancestors of the Micronesians settled over four thousand years ago. A decentralized chieftain-based system eventually evolved into a more centralized economic and religious empire centered on Yap.

Nan Madol, consisting of a series of small artificial islands linked by a network of canals, is often called the Venice of the Pacific. It is located near the island of Pohnpei and used to be the ceremonial and political seat of the Saudeleur dynasty that united Pohnpei's estimated 25,000 people from about AD 500 until 1500, when the centralized system collapsed.

European explorers—first the Portuguese in search of the Spice Islands (Indonesia) and then the Spanish—reached the Carolines in the sixteenth century, with the Spanish establishing sovereignty. It was sold to Germany in 1899, conquered by Japan in 1914, before being seized by the United States during World War II and administered by the US under United Nations auspices in 1947 as part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

During World War II, a significant portion of the Japanese fleet was based in Truk Lagoon. In February 1944, Operation Hailstone, one of the most important naval battles of the war, took place at Truk, in which many Japanese support vessels and aircraft were destroyed.

On May 10, 1979, four of the Trust Territory districts ratified a new constitution to become the Federated States of Micronesia. Palau, the Marshall Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands chose not to participate. The FSM signed a Compact of Free Association with the United States of America, which entered into force on November 3, 1986, marking Micronesia's emergence from trusteeship to independence. The Compact was renewed in 2004.

Politics

The Federated States of Micronesia is governed by the 1979 constitution, which guarantees fundamental human rights and establishes a separation of governmental powers. The unicameral Congress has fourteen members elected by popular vote. Four senators—one from each state—serve four-year terms; the remaining ten senators represent single-member districts based on population, and serve two-year terms. The President and Vice President are elected by Congress from among the four state-based senators to serve four-year terms in the executive branch. Their congressional seats are then filled by special elections.

The president and vice president are supported by an appointed cabinet. There are no formal political parties.

In international politics, the Federated States of Micronesia has often voted with the United States with respect to United Nations General Assembly resolutions. However, in recent years other countries have had a higher voting coincidence with the United States.

Administrative divisions

The four states in the federation are:

These states are further divided into municipalities.

Geography

The Federated States of Micronesia consists of 607 islands extending 1800 miles (2897 km) (2,900 km) across the archipelago of the Caroline Islands east of the Philippines. The four constituent island groups are Yap, Chuuk (called Truk until January 1990), Pohnpei (known as "Ponape" until November 1984), and Kosrae (formerly Kusaie). These four states are each represented by a white star on the national flag. The capital is Palikir, on Pohnpei.

The country has seven official languages: English, Ulithian, Woleaian, Yapese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean, and Chuukese.

The other languages spoken in the country are Pingelapese, Ngatikese, Satawalese, Kapingamarangi Language, Nukuoro Language, Puluwatese, Mortlockese, and Mokilese.

Economy

Economic activity of the Federated States of Micronesia consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. Long line tuna fishing is also viable with foreign vessels from China operated in the 1990s. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remoteness of the location and a lack of adequate facilities hinder development. Financial assistance from the US is the primary source of revenue, with the US pledged to spend $1.3 billion in the islands in 1986–2001. Geographical isolation and a poorly developed infrastructure are major impediments to long-term growth.

The nation uses the US dollar as their currency.

Transportation

The Federated States of Micronesia is served by four international airports. Pohnpei International Airport in the main island of the state of Pohnpei
Chuuk International Airport located in the main island of the state of Chuuk
Kosrae International Airport located in the main island of the state of Kosrae
Yap International Airport located in the main island of the state of Yap

Demographics

The indigenous population of the Federated States of Micronesia, which is predominantly Micronesian, consists of various ethnolinguistic groups. It has a nearly 100% Pacific Islander and Asian population. Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4%. A sizeable minority also have some Japanese ancestry, which is a result of intermarriages between Japanese settlers and Micronesians during the Japanese colonial period. There is also growing expatriate population of Americans, Australians, Europeans, and residents from China and the Philippines since the 1990s. English has become the common language of the government, and for secondary and tertiary education. Outside of the main capital towns of the four FSM states, the local languages are primarily spoken. Population growth remains high at more than 3% annually, offset somewhat by net emigration. Pohnpei is notable for the prevalence of the extreme form of color blindness known as maskun.

Culture

Each of the four States has its own culture and traditions, but there are also common cultural and economic bonds that are centuries old. For example, cultural similarities like the importance of the traditional extended family and clan systems can be found on all the islands.

The island of Yap is notable for its "stone money" (Rai stones), large disks usually of calcite, up to 12 feet (4 m) in diameter, with a hole in the middle. The islanders, aware of the owner of a piece, do not necessarily move them when ownership changes. There are five major types: Mmbul, Gaw, Ray, Yar, and Reng, the last being only 1 foot (0.3 m) in diameter. Their value is based on both size and history, many of them having been brought from other islands, as far as New Guinea, but most coming in ancient times from Palau. Approximately 6,500 of them are scattered around the island.

Languages

The languages of the Federated States of Micronesia include English (the official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosraean. There are also about 3,000 speakers of Kapingamarangi and Ulithian, and under 1,000 speakers of Nukuoro.

Literature

There have been few published literary writers from the Federated States of Micronesia. In 2008, Emelihter Kihleng became the first ever Micronesian to publish a collection of poetry in the English language.

Defense arrangements

The FSM is a sovereign, self-governing state in free association with the United States, which is wholly responsible for its defense. The Division of Maritime Surveillance operates a paramilitary Maritime Wing and a small Maritime Police Unit. The Compact of Free Association allows FSM citizens to join the U.S. military without having to obtain U.S. permanent residency or citizenship.

Translation

The phrase "Federated States of Micronesia" occurs as such in the following languages: English, Kapampangan, Simple English.

Translation(s) in other languages: Acehnese: Federasi Mikronesia, Arabic: ولايات ميكرونيسيا المتحدة, Aragonese: Estatos Federatos de Micronesia, Asturian: Estaos Federaos de Micronesia, Azeri: Mikroneziya Federativ Ştatları, Min Nan: Micronesia Liân-pang-kok, Belarusian (Taraškievica): Фэдэратыўныя Штаты Мікранэзіі, Bulgarian: Микронезия (държава), Catalan: Estats Federats de Micronèsia, Chuvash: Микронезин Федеративлă Штачĕсем, Czech: Federativní státy Mikronésie, Welsh: Taleithiau Ffederal Micronesia, Danish: Mikronesien, German: Föderierte Staaten von Mikronesien, Navajo: Eʼeʼaahjí Tónteel Bikéyah Yázhí Ałhidadiidzooígíí, Estonian: Mikroneesia Liiduriigid, Greek: Ομόσπονδες Πολιτείες της Μικρονησίας, Spanish: Estados Federados de Micronesia, Esperanto: Federacio de Mikronezio, Basque: Mikronesiako Estatu Federatuak, Persian: ایالات فدرال میکرونزی, French: Micronésie (pays), Irish: Stáit Chónaidhme na Micrinéise, Manx: Steatyn Conastit y Vynneeys, Galician: Estados Federados de Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia, Korean: 미크로네시아 연방, Croatian: Savezne Države Mikronezije, Ido: Mikronezia, Bishnupriya Manipuri: মাইক্রোনেশিয়া তিলপারাষ্ট্র, Indonesian: Federasi Mikronesia, Ossetian: Микронезийы Федеративон Штаттæ, Icelandic: Míkrónesía (ríki), Italian: Stati Federati di Micronesia, Hebrew: מיקרונזיה, Javanese: Mikronesia, Kannada: ಮೈಕ್ರೊನೇಷ್ಯದ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು, Georgian: მიკრონეზიის ფედერაციული შტატები, Kazakh: Микронезия Федерациялық Штаттары, Cornish: Statys Kesunys Mikronesi, Haitian: Mikwonezi (peyi), Latin: Foederatae Micronesiae Civitates, Latvian: Mikronēzija (valsts), Lithuanian: Mikronezijos Federacinės Valstijos, Ligurian: Micronesia, Hungarian: Mikronéziai Szövetségi Államok, Macedonian: Федерални Држави на Микронезија, Marathi: मायक्रोनेशिया (देश), Malay: Persekutuan Mikronesia, Nahuatl: Micronesia, Dutch: Micronesia, Japanese: ミクロネシア連邦, Norwegian (Bokmål): Mikronesiaføderasjonen, Norwegian (Nynorsk): Mikronesiaføderasjonen, Occitan: Micronesia (país), Uzbek: Mikroneziya, Western Panjabi: مائکرونیشیا, Low Saxon: Mikronesien (Republiek), Polish: Mikronezja, Portuguese: Estados Federados da Micronésia, Crimean Tatar: Mikroneziya (devlet), Romanian: Statele Federate ale Microneziei, Quechua: Mikrunisya (mama llaqta), Russian: Федеративные Штаты Микронезии, Northern Sami: Mikronesia, Samoan: Feterisitete o Micronisia, Sicilian: Stati Fidirati di Micronesia, Slovak: Mikronézia (štát), Slovenian: Federativne države Mikronezije, Serbian: Федералне Државе Микронезије, Finnish: Mikronesian liittovaltio, Swedish: Mikronesiens federerade stater, Tagalog: Micronesia (estado), Tamil: மைக்குரோனீசியக் கூட்டு நாடுகள், Thai: ประเทศไมโครนีเซีย, Turkish: Mikronezya Federal Devletleri, Ukrainian: Федеративні Штати Мікронезії, Uyghur: Mikronéziye Fédératsiyisi, Waray-Waray: Micronesia (nasod), Wolof: Réew yu Bennoo yu Mikronesi, Samogitian: Mikronezėjė (valstībė), Chinese: 密克罗尼西亚联邦.