Earl Marshal
Earl Marshal (alternatively Marschal or Marischal) is an ancient chivalric title used separately in England, Ireland and the United Kingdom, and formerly in Scotland.
England
The Earl Marshal of England is an hereditary Royal officeholder under the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. The title was "Marshal" until William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, whose titles of "Earl" and "Marshal," though separate (although he is often referred to now as "Earl Marshal"), made it stand for something. After it came into the family of the Dukes of Norfolk, it evolved into "Earl Marshal". The Earl Marshal is the eighth of the Great Officers of State, with the Lord High Constable above him and only the Lord High Admiral beneath him.
In the Middle Ages, the Earl Marshal and the Lord High Constable were the officers of the King's horses and stables. When chivalry declined in importance, the Constable's post declined, and the Earl Marshal became the head of the College of Arms, the body concerned with all matters of genealogy and heraldry, although the Earl Marshal's connection with heraldry came about almost accidentally.[Citation needed] In conjunction with the Lord High Constable he had held a court, known as the Court of Chivalry, for the administration of justice in accordance with the law of arms, which was concerned with many subjects relating to military matters, such as ransom, booty and soldiers' wages, and including the misuse of armorial bearings. The Marshal, as eighth Great Officer of State, has to organise coronations and the State Opening of Parliament.
In a declaration made on the 16 June 1673 by Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, the Earl of Anglesey and Lord Privy Seal, in reference to a dispute over the exercise of authority over the Officers of Arms the powers of the Earl Marshal were stated as "to have power to order, judge, and determine all matters touching arms, ensigns of nobility, honour, and chivalry; to make laws, ordinances, and statutes for the good government of the Officers of Arms; to nominate Officers to fill vacancies in the College of Arms; to punish and correct Officers of Arms for misbehaviour in the execution of their places". Additionally it was also declared that no patents of arms or any ensigns of nobility should be granted and no augmentation, alteration, or addition should be made to arms without the consent of the Earl Marshal.
The Earl Marshal has responsibility for the organisation of State funerals and the monarch's coronation in Westminster Abbey.
Ireland
Among the men who have held the title of Earl Marshal of Ireland are William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex (1539-1576).
Scotland
See Earl Marischal.
United Kingdom
The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, but the Act provided that the Earl Marshal and Lord Great Chamberlain continue for the time being to have seats so as to carry out their ceremonial functions in the House of Lords.
Lords Marshal of England, 1135-1397
Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1135-1149
Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1149-1176
John Marshal 1176-1199
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke 1199-1219
William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 1219-1231
Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 1231-1234
Gilbert Marshal, 4th Earl of Pembroke 1234-1242
Walter Marshal, 5th Earl of Pembroke 1242-1245
Anselm Marshal, 6th Earl of Pembroke 1245
Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of Norfolk 1245-1269
Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk 1269-1307
Robert de Clifford 1307-1308 (1st Baron de Clifford?)
Nicholas Segrave, Lord Segrave 1308-1315 (or Baron of Stowe (?))
Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk 1315-1338
Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk 1338-1377
Henry Percy, Lord Percy 1377
John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel, Lord Maltravers 1377-1383
Thomas Mowbray, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1383-1397
Earls Marshal of England, 1397-present
Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk 1397-1398
Thomas Holland, Duke of Surrey 1398-1399
Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland 1400-1412
John Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 1412-1432
John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 1432-1461
John Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk 1461-1476
Richard, Duke of York 1476-1483
John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk 1483-1485
William Berkeley, 1st Earl of Nottingham 1486-1497
Henry Tudor, Duke of York 1497-1509
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk 1509-1524
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk 1524-1547
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset 1547-1549
John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland 1549-1553
Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, restored 1553-1554
Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk 1554-1572
George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury 1572-1590
in commission 1590-1597
Robert Devreux, 2nd Earl of Essex 1597-1601
in commission 1602-1603
Edward Somerset, 4th Earl of Worcester 1603
in commission 1604-1622
Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey 1622-1646
Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey 1646-1652
??? 1652-1661
James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk 1661-1662
in commission 1662-1672
Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk 1672-1684
Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk 1684-1701
Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk 1701-1732
Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk 1732-1777
Charles Howard, 10th Duke of Norfolk 1777-1786
Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk 1786-1815
Bernard Edward Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk 1815-1842
Henry Charles Howard, 13th Duke of Norfolk 1842-1856
Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk 1856-1860
Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk 1860-1917
Bernard Marmaduke Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk 1917-1975
Miles Francis Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk 1975-2002
Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk 2002-
Deputy Earls Marshal
Deputy Earls Marshal have been named at various times, discharging the responsibilities of the office during the minority or infirmity of the Earl Marshal. Prior to an Act of Parliament in 1824, Protestant deputies were required when the Earl Marshal was a Roman Catholic.
Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle 1673-?
Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle 1701-1706
Henry Howard, 6th Earl of Suffolk, 1st Earl of Bindon 1706-1718
Henry Bowes Howard, 4th Earl of Berkshire 1718-1725
Talbot Yelverton, 1st Earl of Sussex 1725-1731
Francis Howard, 1st Earl of Effingham 1731-1743
Thomas Howard, 2nd Earl of Effingham 1743-1763
Henry Howard, 12th Earl of Suffolk, 5th Earl of Berkshire 1763-1765
Richard Lumley-Saunderson, 4th Earl of Scarbrough 1765-1777
Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham 1777-1782
Charles Howard, Earl of Surrey 1782-1786
Lord Henry Thomas Molyneux Howard 1816-1824
Lord Edward Fitzalan-Howard 1861-1868
Edmund Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent 1917-1929
Edward William Fitzalan-Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey 2000-2002
Translation
The phrase "Earl Marshal" occurs as such in the following languages: English, German, Norwegian (Bokmål), Portuguese, Simple English, Finnish, Swedish.
Translation(s) in other languages: Dutch: Adelsmaarschalk, Polish: Lord Marszałek.
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