December 31

It is the last day of the Gregorian year. The day following is January 1 of the next year.

Events

406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gaul.
535 – Byzantine General Belisarius completes the conquest of Sicily, defeating the Ostrogothic garrison of Syracuse, and ending his consulship for the year.
1229 – James I of Aragon the Conqueror enters Medina Mayurqa (now known as Palma, Spain) thus consummating the Christian conquest of the island of Majorca.
1599 – The British East India Company is chartered.
1660 – James II of England is named Duke of Normandy by Louis XIV of France.
1687 – The first Huguenots set sail from France to the Cape of Good Hope.
1695 – A window tax is imposed in England, causing many shopkeepers to brick up their windows to avoid the tax.
1759 – Arthur Guinness signs a 9,000 year lease at £45 per annum and starts brewing Guinness.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Quebec: British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army General Richard Montgomery.
1831 – Gramercy Park is deeded to New York City.
1857 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa, Ontario, as the capital of Canada.
1862 – American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union, thus dividing Virginia in two.
1862 – American Civil War: The Battle of Stones River is fought near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.
1879 – Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time.
1891 – A new immigration depot is opened on Ellis Island, New York.
1904 – The first New Year's Eve celebration is held in Times Square (then known as Longacre Square) in New York, New York.
1909 – Manhattan Bridge opens.
1923 – The chimes of Big Ben are broadcast on radio for the first time by the BBC.
1944 – World War II: Hungary declares war on Nazi Germany.
1946 – President Harry Truman officially proclaims the end of hostilities in World War II.
1951 – The Marshall Plan expires after distributing more than $13.3 billion USD in foreign aid to rebuild Europe.
1955 – The General Motors Corporation becomes the first U.S. corporation to make over $1 billion USD in a year.
1960 – The farthing coin ceases to be legal tender in the United Kingdom.
1963 – The Central African Federation officially collapses and splits into Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia.
1981 – A coup d'état in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the Provisional National Defence Council led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings.
1983 – The AT&T Bell System is broken up by the United States Government.
1987 – Robert Mugabe assumes office as President of Zimbabwe.
1986 – A fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, kills 97 and injures 140.
1991 – All official Soviet Union institutions have ceased operations by this date and the Soviet Union is officially dissolved.
1992 – Czechoslovakia is dissolved, resulting in the creation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
1994 – This date is skipped altogether in Kiribati as the Phoenix Islands and Line Islands change time zones from UTC-11 to UTC+13 and UTC-10 to UTC+14, respectively.
1998 – The European Exchange Rate Mechanism freezes the values of the legacy currencies in the Eurozone, and establishes the value of the euro currency.
1999 – Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting President.
1999 – Five hijackers, who had been holding 155 hostages on an Indian Airlines plane, leave the plane with two Islamic clerics that they had demanded be freed.
1999 – The United States Government hands control of the Panama Canal (as well all the adjacent land to the canal known as the Panama Canal Zone) to Panama. This act complied with the signing of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties.
2004 – The official opening of Taipei 101, the tallest skyscraper at that time in the world, standing at a height of 509 metres (1670 ft).
2007 – Bocaue Fire: Seven people are injured when a fire results in the explosions of several fireworks stores in the municipality of Bocaue, Bulacan, Philippines.
2007 – The massive Big Dig construction project in Boston, Massachusetts ends.

Births

695 – Muhammad bin Qasim, Syrian general (d. 715)
1378 – Pope Callixtus III (d. 1458)
1491 – Jacques Cartier, French explorer (d. 1557)
1514 – Andreas Vesalius, Flemish anatomist (d. 1564)
1572 – Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan, (d. 1617)
1668 – Herman Boerhaave, Dutch humanist and physician (d. 1738)
1720 – Charles Edward Stuart, pretender to the British throne (d. 1788)
1738 – Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British general (d. 1805)
1741 – Isabella Maria of Parma, wife of future Holy Roman emperor (d. 1763)
1763 – Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, French admiral (d. 1806)
1815 – George Meade, American Civil War general (d. 1872)
1830 – Isma'il Pasha, Governor of Egypt (d. 1895)
1830 – Alexander Smith, Scottish poet (d. 1867)
1857 – King Kelly, American baseball player (d. 1894)
1860 – Joseph S. Cullinan, American oil industrialist (d. 1937)
1869 – Henri Matisse, French painter (d. 1954)
1877 – Lawrence Beesley, English journalist and author (d. 1967)
1878 – Elizabeth Arden, Canadian businesswoman (d. 1966)
1878 – Horacio Quiroga, Uruguayan-Argentinian writer (d. 1937)
1880 – George C. Marshall, United States Secretary of State, Nobel Laureate (d. 1959)
1880 – Fred Beebe, American baseball player (d. 1957)
1881 – Max Pechstein, German painter (d. 1955)
1882 – Martin O'Meara, Australian soldier (d. 1935)
1884 – Bobby Byrne, American baseball player (d. 1964)
1885 – Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein (d. 1970)
1894 – Pola Negri, Polish actress (d. 1987)
1899 – Silvestre Revueltas, Mexican composer (d. 1940)
1902 – Lionel Daunais, Quebec singer and composer (d. 1982)
1903 – Nathan Milstein, Ukrainian violinist (d. 1992)
1904 – Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer and actress (d. 1975)
1905 – Jule Styne, English-born composer (d. 1994)
1908 – Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Holocaust survivor (d. 2005)
1909 – Jonah Jones, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2000)
1910 – Carl Dudley, American film director (d. 1973)
1911 – Dal Stivens, Australian novelist (d. 1997)
1912 – Maj-Gen John Frost, British para commander (d. 1993)
1919 – Tommy Byrne, American baseball player (d. 2007)
1920 – Rex Allen, American actor, singer, and songwriter (d. 1999)
1924 – Taylor Mead, American actor
1928 – Siné, French cartoonist
1930 – Odetta, American singer (d. 2008)
1931 – Bob Shaw, Irish writer (d. 1996)
1933 – Edward Bunker, American author and actor (d. 2005)
1934 – Akram Awan, Islamic scholar
1937 – Avram Hershko, Israeli biologist, Nobel laureate
1937 – Sir Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor
1938 – Rosalind Cash, American actress (d. 1995)
1940 – Mani Neumeier, German musician (Guru Guru)
1941 – Sir Alex Ferguson, Scottish football manager
1941 – Sarah Miles, English actress
1942 – Andy Summers, British guitarist (The Police)
1943 – John Denver, American singer and songwriter (d. 1997)
1943 – Sir Ben Kingsley, English actor
1943 – Pete Quaife, English bassist (The Kinks)
1944 – Taylor Hackford, American producer and director
1944 – Neil Ross, British voice actor
1945 – Diane von Fürstenberg, Belgian-born fashion designer
1945 – Barbara Carrera, Nicaraguan actress and model
1945 – Connie Willis, American writer
1946 – Pius Ncube, Zimbabwean human rights advocate
1947 – Burton Cummings, Canadian keyboardist (The Guess Who)
1947 – Tim Matheson, American actor
1947 – Rita Lee, Brazilian Rock Star
1948 – Donna Summer, American singer
1948 – René Robert, National Hockey League player
1949 – Ellen Datlow, American editor
1949 – Susan Shwartz, American writer
1951 – Tom Hamilton, American bassist (Aerosmith)
1953 – James Remar, American actor
1953 – Jane Badler, American actress
1954 – Alex Salmond, Scottish politician
1954 – Hermann Tilke, German racing circuit architect
1955 – Dawood Ibrahim, Indian crime boss
1956 – Steve Rude, American comics artist
1958 – Bebe Neuwirth, American actress
1959 – Phill Kline, American politician
1959 – Val Kilmer, American actor
1959 – Paul Westerberg, American musician (The Replacements)
1959 – Baron Waqa, Nauruan politician and musician
1959 – Alfie Anido, Filipino actor (d. 1981)
1960 – John Allen Muhammad, American serial killer
1960 – Steve Bruce, English football player & manager
1961 – Rick Aguilera, American baseball player
1961 – Nina Li Chi, Chinese actress
1962 – Heather McCartney, British activist
1962 – Tyrone Corbin, American basketball player
1963 – Scott Ian, American guitarist (Anthrax)
1963 – Konishiki, American sumo wrestler
1964 – Michael McDonald, American actor-comedian
1965 – Julie Doucet, Canadian underground cartoonist
1965 – Gong Li, Chinese actress
1965 – Nicholas Sparks, American author
1966 – Lisa Joyner, American entertainment reporter
1968 – Gerry Dee, Canadian comedian and actor
1969 – Kate Beahan, Australian actress
1969 – Dominik Diamond, Scottish presenter and newspaper columnist
1970 – Carlos Morales Quintana, husband of Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark
1970 – Bryon Russell, American basketball player
1971 – Brent Barry, American basketball player
1971 – Esteban Loaiza, Mexican Major League Baseball player
1971 – Ricardo López Felipe, Spanish footballer
1972 – Joe McIntyre, American singer (New Kids on the Block)
1973 – Shandon Anderson, American basketball player
1973 – Malcolm Middleton, Scottish musician (Arab Strap)
1974 – Mario Aerts, Belgian cyclist
1974 – Tony Kanaan, Brazilian racing driver
1974 – Ryan Sakoda, Japanese American professional wrestler
1975 – Toni Kuivasto, Finnish footballer
1975 – Rob Penders, Dutch footballer
1976 – Craig Reucassel, Australian comedian, member of The Chaser
1977 – Wardy Alfaro, Costa Rican footballer
1977 – Donald Trump Jr., son of Donald Trump and Ivana Trump
1978 – Papoose, American rapper
1979 – Bob Bryar, American drummer (My Chemical Romance)
1979 – Elaine Cassidy, Irish actress
1980 – Jesse Carlson, American baseball player
1980 – Richie McCaw, New Zealand rugby player
1980 – Matt Cross, American professional wrestler
1981 – Jason Campbell, American football player
1981 – Matthew Pavlich, Australian football player
1982 – Bryce Avary, The Rocket Summer, American musician
1982 – Julio DePaula, Dominican baseball player
1982 – Craig Gordon, Scottish footballer
1982 – Luke Schenscher, Australian basketball player
1983 – Mike Williams, American football player
1984 – Greg Pritchard Britain's Got Talent Semi-finalist
1984 – Paul Rodriguez Jr. Professional skateboarder
1985 – Jan Smit, Dutch singer
1987 – Javaris Crittenton, American basketball player
1987 – Émilie Le Pennec, French gymnast

Deaths

192 – Commodus, Roman Emperor (b. 161)
335 – St. Silvester, Pope
1164 – Margrave Ottokar III of Styria (b. 1124)
1194 – Duke Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
1297 – Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English soldier (b. 1249)
1302 – Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1238)
1384 – John Wycliffe, English theologian and Bible translator
1424 – Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter, English military leader
1460 – Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (b. 1400)
1510 – Bianca Maria Sforza, wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1472)
1535 – William Skeffington, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465)
1568 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese warlord (b. 1493)
1575 – Pierino Belli, Italian soldier and jurist (b. 1502)
1583 – Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (b. 1524)
1610 – Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (b. 1540)
1650 – Dorgon, Chinese emperor (b. 1612)
1673 – Oliver St John, English statesman and judge
1679 – Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (b. 1608)
1691 – Dudley North, English economist (b. 1641)
1719 – John Flamsteed, English astronomer (b. 1646)
1742 – Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine (b. 1661)
1799 – Jean-François Marmontel, French historian and writer (b. 1723)
1872 – Aleksis Kivi, Finnish author (b. 1834)
1876 – Catherine Labouré, French visionary and saint (b. 1806)
1877 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (b. 1819)
1888 – Samson Raphael Hirsch, German rabbi (b. 1808)
1889 – Ion Creangă, Romanian writer
1890 – Pancha Carrasco, Costa Rican war heroine (b. 1826)
1891 – Samuel Ajayi Crowther, Nigerian bishop. (b. 1809)
1894 – Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, Dutch mathematician (b. 1856)
1905 – Alexander Popov, Russian physicist (b. 1859)
1910 – John Moisant, American aviator (b. 1868)
1910 – Arch Hoxsey, American aviator (b. 1884)
1921 – Boies Penrose, U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania (b. 1860)
1936 – Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish writer and philosopher (b. 1864)
1948 – Malcolm Campbell, English race car driver (b. 1885)
1953 – Albert Plesman, Dutch aviation pioneer (b. 1889)
1964 – Ólafur Thors, Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1892)
1964 – Bobby Byrne, baseball player (b. 1884)
1969 – George Lewis, American clarinetist (b. 1900)
1971 – Pete Duel American actor (b. 1940)
1971 – Marin Sais, American actress (b. 1890)
1971 – Vikram Sarabhai, Indian physicist (b. 1919)
1972 – Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican baseball player (b. 1934)
1977 – Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, ruler of Kuwait (b. 1924)
1980 – Marshall McLuhan, Canadian writer (b. 1911)
1980 – Raoul Walsh, American film director (b. 1887)
1985 – Rick Nelson, American singer (b. 1940)
1986 – Lloyd Haynes, American actor (b. 1934)
1987 – Jerry Turner, American television anchorman (b. 1929)
1990 – Vasili Lazarev, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1928)
1990 – George Allen, American football coach (b. 1918)
1993 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, first President of Georgia (b. 1939)
1993 – Brandon Teena, American murder victim (b. 1972)
1994 – Leigh Bowery, Australian-born English fashion performance artist (b. 1961)
1994 – Woody Strode, American actor and decathlete (b. 1914)
1997 – Floyd Cramer, American musician (b. 1933)
1997 – Billie Dove, American actress (b. 1903)
1997 – Michael Kennedy, American politician (b. 1958)
1999 – Elliot Richardson, American politician (b. 1920)
2000 – Alan Cranston, American politician (b. 1914)
2000 – José Greco, Italian-born American flamenco dancer and choreographer (b. 1918)
2000 – Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane, Israeli leader of Kahane Chai party and son of Rabbi Meir Kahane, murder victim (b. 1966)
2001 – Eileen Heckart, American actress (b. 1919)
2002 – Kevin Scott MacMichael, American guitarist (Cutting Crew) (b. 1951)
2003 – Arthur R. von Hippel German-born physicist (b. 1898)
2004 – Gerard Debreu, French economist, Bank of Sweden Prize laureate (b. 1921)
2005 – Phillip Whitehead, British politician (b. 1937)
2005 – Enrico di Giuseppe, American tenor (b. 1932)
2006 – George Sisler, Jr., American baseball executive (b. 1917)
2007 – Tommy Dickson, British footballer (b. 1929)
2007 – Tony Elliott, American football player (b. 1959)
2007 – Michael Goldberg, American painter (b. 1924)
2007 – Bill Idelson, American actor (b. 1919)
2007 – Kathryn Ish, American actress (b. 1936)
2007 – Milton L. Klein, Canadian politician (b. 1910)
2007 – Markku Peltola, Finnish actor and musician (b. 1956)
2007 – Ettore Sottsass, Italian architect and designer (b. 1917)
2008 – Donald E. Westlake, American author (b. 1933)

Holidays and observances

New Year's Eve or Old Year's Night on the Gregorian Calendar.
Hogmanay in Scotland.
Last Day of the Year Celebration, special non-working holiday in the Philippines.
The seventh day of Christmas in Western Christianity.
Roman Catholic Church: St. Sylvester I

Translation

The phrase "December 31" occurs as such in the following languages: English, Pangasinan, Simple English.

Translation(s) in other languages: Afrikaans: 31 Desember, Arabic: 31 ديسمبر, Aragonese: 31 d'abiento, Franco-Provençal/Arpitan: 31 dècembro, Asturian: 31 d'avientu, Azeri: 31 dekabr, Bengali: ডিসেম্বর ৩১, Min Nan: 12 goe̍h 31 ji̍t, Belarusian: 31 снежня, Belarusian (Taraškievica): 31 сьнежня, Central_Bicolano: Desyembre 31, Bosnian: 31. decembar, Breton: 31 Kerzu, Bulgarian: 31 декември, Catalan: 31 de desembre, Chuvash: Раштав, 31, Cebuano: Disyembre 31, Czech: 31. prosinec, Zamboanga Chavacano: 31 de Diciembre, Corsican: 31 di decembre, Welsh: 31 Rhagfyr, Danish: 31. december, German: 31. Dezember, Estonian: 31. detsember, Greek: 31 Δεκεμβρίου, Erzya: Ацамковонь 31 чи, Spanish: 31 de diciembre, Esperanto: 31-a de decembro, Basque: Abenduaren 31, Persian: ۳۱ دسامبر, Fiji Hindi: 31 December, Faroese: 31. desember, French: 31 décembre, West Frisian: 31 desimber, Friulian: 31 di Dicembar, Irish: 31 Nollaig, Manx: 31 Mee ny Nollick, Scottish Gaelic: 31 an Dùbhlachd, Galician: 31 de decembro, Gan: 12月31號, Korean: 12월 31일, Armenian: Դեկտեմբերի 31, Hindi: ३१ दिसंबर, Croatian: 31. prosinca, Ido: 31 di decembro, Bishnupriya Manipuri: ডিসেম্বর ৩১, Indonesian: 31 Desember, Interlingua: 31 de decembre, Ossetian: 31 декабры, Icelandic: 31. desember, Italian: 31 dicembre, Hebrew: 31 בדצמבר, Javanese: 31 Desember, Kannada: ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ ೩೧, Kapampangan: Disiembri 31, Georgian: 31 დეკემბერი, Kashubian: 31 gòdnika, Kazakh: Желтоқсанның 31, Swahili: 31 Desemba, Haitian: 31 desanm, Kurdish: 31'ê berfanbarê, Latin: 31 Decembris, Latvian: 31. decembris, Luxembourgish: 31. Dezember, Lithuanian: Gruodžio 31, Limburgian: 31 december, Lojban: pavrelma'i 31moi, Lombard: 31 12, Hungarian: December 31., Macedonian: 31 декември, Malayalam: ഡിസംബര്‍ 31, Marathi: डिसेंबर ३१, Egyptian Arabic: 31 ديسمبر, Malay: 31 Disember, Nahuatl: Tlamahtlācōnti 31, Dutch: 31 december, Dutch Low Saxon: 31 december, Japanese: 12月31日, Neapolitan: 31 'e dicembre, Norwegian (Bokmål): 31. desember, Norwegian (Nynorsk): 31. desember, Norman: 31 Dézembre, Novial: 31 de desembre, Occitan: 31 de decembre, Meadow Mari: 31 Теле, Uzbek: 31-dekabr, Khmer: ថ្ងៃទី៣១ខែធ្នូ, Low Saxon: 31. Dezember, Polish: 31 grudnia, Portuguese: 31 de dezembro, Ripuarian: 31. Dezemmber, Romanian: 31 decembrie, Russian: 31 декабря, Sakha: Ахсынньы 31, Northern Sami: Juovlamánu 31., Scots: 31 December, Albanian: 31 Dhjetor, Sicilian: 31 di dicèmmiru, Slovak: 31. december, Slovenian: 31. december, Serbian: 31. децембар, Serbo-Croatian: 31.12., Sundanese: 31 Désémber, Finnish: 31. joulukuuta, Swedish: 31 december, Tagalog: Disyembre 31, Tamil: டிசம்பர் 31, Tatar: 31. Dekäber, Telugu: డిసెంబర్ 31, Thai: 31 ธันวาคม, Tajik: 31 декабр, Turkish: 31 Aralık, Turkmen: 31 dekabr, Ukrainian: 31 грудня, Venetian: 31 de diçenbre, Vietnamese: 31 tháng 12, Volapük: Dekul 31, Võro: 31. joulukuu päiv, Walloon: 31 di decimbe, West Flemish: 31 december, Waray-Waray: Disyembre 31, Yoruba: 31 December, Cantonese: 12月31號, Samogitian: Groudė 31, Chinese: 12月31日.